Ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa ulusi wa mankhwala, pali mitundu yambiri ya ulusi. Kuwonjezera pa ulusi wamba, mitundu yambiri yatsopano monga ulusi wapadera, ulusi wophatikizika, ndi ulusi wosinthidwa yawonekera mu ulusi wa mankhwala. Kuti zitheke kuyendetsa bwino kupanga ndi kusanthula zinthu, kuzindikira kwasayansi kwa ulusi wa nsalu ndikofunikira.
Kuzindikira ulusi kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka chinthu ndi kuzindikira makhalidwe a thupi ndi mankhwala. Kuwona kwa microscopic nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mawonekedwe a kapangidwe ka chinthu.
Pali njira zambiri zodziwira zinthu zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, monga njira yoyaka, njira yosungunula, njira yopaka utoto wa reagent, njira yosungunula, njira yeniyeni yokoka, njira ya birefringence, njira ya X-ray diffraction ndi njira ya infrared absorption spectroscopy, ndi zina zotero.
1. Njira yowonera maikulosikopu
Kugwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu kuti muwone mawonekedwe a ulusi wautali ndi wopingasa ndiyo njira yoyambira yodziwira ulusi wosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira magulu a ulusi. Ulusi wachilengedwe uliwonse uli ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe angadziwike bwino pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu. Mwachitsanzo, ulusi wa thonje ndi wathyathyathya kumbali yayitali, wokhala ndi kupindika kwachilengedwe, gawo lozungulira m'chiuno, ndi dzenje lapakati. Ubweyawo umapindika mopingasa, uli ndi mamba pamwamba, ndipo ndi wozungulira kapena wozungulira m'dzenje lopingasa. Ubweya wina uli ndi pith pakati. Jute ili ndi mfundo zopingasa ndi mizere yowongoka mbali yayitali, gawo lopingasa ndi la polygonal, ndipo dzenje lapakati ndi lalikulu.
2. Njira yoyaka
Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino yodziwira ulusi wachilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a ulusi, makhalidwe a kuyaka nawonso ndi osiyana. Ulusi wa cellulose ndi ulusi wa mapuloteni amatha kusiyanitsidwa malinga ndi momwe ulusiwo umatenthedwera mosavuta, kaya ndi thermoplastic, fungo lomwe limapezeka panthawi yoyatsidwa, komanso makhalidwe a phulusa likayaka.
Ulusi wa cellulose monga thonje, hemp, ndi viscose umayaka mofulumira ukakhudzana ndi lawi, ndipo umapitirira kuyaka ukachoka mu lawi, ndi fungo la pepala loyaka, kusiya phulusa lofewa lotuwa pang'ono likayaka; ulusi wa mapuloteni monga ubweya ndi silika umayaka pang'onopang'ono ukakhudzana ndi lawi, ndikusiya lawi. Pambuyo pake, unapitiriza kuyaka pang'onopang'ono, ndi fungo la nthenga zoyaka, ndikusiya phulusa lakuda lophwanyika ukayaka.
| mtundu wa ulusi | pafupi ndi moto | m'malawi | siyani lawi | fungo loyaka | Fomu yotsalira |
| Ulusi wa Tencel | Palibe kusungunuka kapena kuchepa | tentha mwachangu | pitirizani kuyaka | pepala lopsereza | phulusa lakuda la imvi |
Ulusi wa modal | Palibe kusungunuka kapena kuchepa | tentha mwachangu | pitirizani kuyaka | pepala lopsereza | phulusa lakuda la imvi |
| ulusi wa nsungwi | Palibe kusungunuka kapena kuchepa | tentha mwachangu | pitirizani kuyaka | pepala lopsereza | phulusa lakuda la imvi |
| Ulusi wa viscose | Palibe kusungunuka kapena kuchepa | tentha mwachangu | pitirizani kuyaka | pepala lopsereza | phulusa laling'ono loyera kwambiri |
| ulusi wa poliyesitala | kusungunuka pang'ono | Choyamba sungunulani kenako tentheni, madzi akutuluka | zimatha kukulitsa nthawi yoyaka moto | fungo lapadera | Mpira wolimba wofiirira wakuda ngati galasi |
3. Njira yosungunula
Ulusi umasiyanitsidwa malinga ndi kusungunuka kwa ulusi wosiyanasiyana wa nsalu m'mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Chosungunulira chimodzi nthawi zambiri chimatha kusungunula ulusi wosiyanasiyana, kotero mukagwiritsa ntchito njira yosungunula kuti muzindikire ulusi, ndikofunikira kuchita mayeso osiyanasiyana osungunula kuti mutsimikizire mtundu wa ulusi womwe wapezeka. Njira yosungunula Mukazindikira zigawo zosakanikirana za zinthu zosakanikirana, chosungunulira chimodzi chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusungunula ulusi wa gawo limodzi, kenako chosungunulira china chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusungunula ulusi wa gawo lina. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kusanthula kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa ulusi wosiyanasiyana muzinthu zosakanikirana. Pamene kuchuluka ndi kutentha kwa chosungunulira kuli kosiyana, kusungunuka kwa ulusi kumakhala kosiyana.
Ulusi woti udziwike ukhoza kuyikidwa mu chubu choyesera, kulowetsedwa ndi chosungunulira china, kusakanizidwa ndi ndodo yagalasi, ndipo kusungunuka kwa ulusi kungawonekere. Ngati kuchuluka kwa ulusi kuli kochepa kwambiri, chitsanzocho chingaikidwenso mu galasi lozungulira lokhala ndi pamwamba lozungulira, kudonthezedwa ndi chosungunulira, kuphimbidwa ndi galasi lozungulira, ndikuwonedwa mwachindunji pansi pa maikulosikopu. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosungunulira kuti muzindikire ulusi, kuchuluka kwa chosungunulira ndi kutentha kwa kutentha ziyenera kulamulidwa mosamala, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa pa liwiro losungunuka la ulusi. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosungunulira kumafuna kumvetsetsa kolondola kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala a ulusi, ndipo njira zowunikira ndi zovuta.
Pali njira zambiri zodziwira ulusi wa nsalu. Mwachizolowezi, njira imodzi singagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma njira zingapo zimafunika kuti pakhale kusanthula kwathunthu ndi kafukufuku. Njira yodziwira ulusi mwadongosolo ndikuphatikiza mwasayansi njira zingapo zodziwira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-06-2022