ASTM na ISO Ibipimo: Uburyo bwo Kwipimisha Kumurongo wo Kurangi Irangi

Kwipimishaumwenda wo hejuruKuriimyenda y'ibarairemeza kuramba no gukora. Ibipimo bya ASTM na ISO bitanga umurongo ngenderwaho wo gusuzuma ibikoresho nkapolyester rayon umwendanaimyenda ya poly viscose. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro bifasha inganda guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo kwipimishapolyester rayon ivanze umwenda. Ibi byemeza ubuziranenge buhoraho mubisabwa, byongera abakiriya kunyurwa.

Ibyingenzi

• Ibipimo bya ASTM birasobanutse kandi bikora neza muri Amerika ya ruguru. Bemeza ibizamini byizewe kumyenda yo hejuru.
• Ibipimo bya ISO bigamije gukoreshwa kwisi yose, bikwiranye nubucuruzi bwisi yose namasoko atandukanye.
• Gutegura neza imyenda y'icyitegererezoni ngombwa kubisubizo byiza. Ituma imyenda ihamye kandi igabanya impinduka.

Incamake yubuziranenge bwa ASTM na ISO

Gusobanura ibipimo bya ASTM

ASTM International, yahoze yitwa Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe ibizamini n'ibikoresho, itegura ibipimo byumvikanyweho ku bushake ku bikoresho, ibicuruzwa, sisitemu, na serivisi. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byemeza guhuzagurika no kwizerwa muburyo bwo kugerageza. Nkunze kubona ASTM ibipimo byingirakamaro cyane kurigusuzuma imiterere yumubiri nubumaray'imyenda, harimo imyenda yo hejuru. Amabwiriza yabo azwi cyane muri Amerika ya ruguru kandi akenshi arahujwe no kubahiriza ibisabwa mu karere.

Gusobanura ibipimo bya ISO

Umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ubuziranenge (ISO) ushyiraho ibipimo byemewe ku isi biteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga no guhanga udushya. Ibipimo bya ISO byibanda ku guhuza imikorere mu nganda no mu turere. Inyandiko zemewe zerekana ibipimo bya ISO zitanga ibisobanuro kubijyanye n'amagambo no kubahiriza. Urugero:

• Irasobanura ijambo ryibanze, rifasha abakoresha gusobanukirwa nibisobanuro.
• Ishimangira akamaro k'amagambo yihariye, nko gutandukanya “ugomba” (itegeko) na “ugomba” (bisabwa).
• Iremeza kubahiriza mugusobanura ibisabwa kugirango ishyirwe mubikorwa.

Ibisobanuro birambuye bituma amahame ya ISO ari ingenzi ku nganda zikorera ku masoko yisi.

Kwemererwa no Guhuza Isi

Iyemezwa rya ASTM na ISO riratandukanye bitewe n'akarere n'inganda. Ibipimo bya ASTM byiganje muri Amerika ya Ruguru, mugihe ibipimo bya ISO bifite isi yagutse. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana akamaro kabo ku isoko:

Aya makuru ashimangira akamaro ko guhitamo ibipimo bikwiye bishingiye ku turere dukeneye inganda. Kurugero, ibigo bitanga imyenda yo hejuru yohereza ibicuruzwa hanzeguhuza n'ibipimo bya ISOkuzuza ibisabwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

Uburyo bwo Kwipimisha Imyenda Yirangi

Uburyo bwo Kwipimisha ASTM

Mugihe cyo kwipimishaumwenda wo hejurunkoresheje ibipimo bya ASTM, nishingikirije kubikorwa byabo byasobanuwe neza kugirango menye neza kandi bisubirwemo. ASTM D5034, kurugero, yerekana uburyo bwo gufata ibizamini byo gusuzuma imbaraga zimyenda. Ubu buryo bukubiyemo gufunga icyitegererezo no gukoresha imbaraga kugeza igihe kimenetse. Kubara amabara, ASTM D2054 itanga urwego rurambuye rwo gusuzuma ibirwanya gucika munsi yumucyo. Ibi bizamini bikorwa muburyo bugenzurwa kugirango hagabanuke impinduka zo hanze.

Ibipimo bya ASTM byibanda ku busobanuro. Bakenera ibikoresho byihariye byo kugenzura no kugenzura ibidukikije. Kurugero, ibidukikije byo kwipimisha bigomba gukomeza ubushyuhe nubushyuhe buringaniye. Ibi byemeza ko ibisubizo bitatewe nimpamvu zituruka hanze. Njye mbona aya mabwiriza ari ingirakamaro cyane mugihe ukorana na polyester rayon cyangwa poly viscose yimyenda, kuko ifasha kugumya guhuza ibice.

Uburyo bwo Kwipimisha ISO

Ibipimo bya ISO byo kugerageza imyenda yo hejuru irangi yibanda ku guhuza no gukoreshwa kwisi yose. ISO 105 B02 na EN ISO 105-B04 nibyingenzi byingenzi byo gusuzumaamabara. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bisobanura uburyo bwo kwerekana urugero rwimyenda ituruka kumucyo wububiko, bigereranya imiterere-yisi. Mugukurikiza aya protocole, ndashobora kwemeza ibisubizo byizewe kandi bihamye.

Ibipimo bya ISO bishimangira kandi akamaro ko guhitamo ibikoresho hamwe nuburyo busanzwe. Guhinduranya bisanzwe bigabanya guhinduka mubisubizo byikizamini. Ubu buryo ntabwo butanga gusa ukuri ahubwo binubaka ikizere kumasoko. Abahinguzi bakurikiza ibipimo bya ISO bunguka amahirwe yo guhatanira kwerekana ko biyemeje ubuziranenge.

• ISO 105 B02 na EN ISO 105-B04 yerekana uburyo bwo gupima amabara meza mumyenda.
• Porotokole isanzwe hamwe nibikoresho bisanzwe byo kugabanya bigabanya guhinduka mubisubizo.
• Gukurikiza ibi bipimo byongera kwizerana no kwizerana ku isoko.

Itandukaniro ryingenzi muburyo bwo kugerageza

Itandukaniro ryibanze hagati ya ASTM na ISO uburyo bwo gupima biri mubitekerezo byabo no murwego. Ibipimo bya ASTM akenshi usanga byihariye mu karere, byita ku nganda zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Bashyira imbere ibisobanuro kandi byujuje ibisabwa byubuyobozi. Ibinyuranye, ibipimo bya ISO bigamije guhuza isi yose. Zitanga urwego rusange rworohereza ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

Irindi tandukaniro ni urwego rurambuye muburyo bwo gutegura no kugerageza. Amabwiriza ya ASTM arasobanutse neza, akenshi bisaba kubahiriza byimazeyo kugenzura ibidukikije. Ibipimo bya ISO, nubwo nabyo bikomeye, bitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kwakira ibikorwa bitandukanye byisi. Ibi bituma ibipimo bya ISO bikwiranye nababikora bagamije amasoko mpuzamahanga.

Mubunararibonye bwanjye, guhitamo hagati ya ASTM na ISO biterwa na porogaramu igenewe hamwe nisoko rigamije. Gukoresha murugo, ibipimo bya ASTM bitanga urwego rwizewe. Kubikorwa byisi yose, ibipimo bya ISO bitanga umurongo ukenewe kugirango uhuze ibyifuzo mpuzamahanga.

Icyitegererezo cyo Gutegura no Gutunganya

Amabwiriza ya ASTM yo Gutegura Icyitegererezo

Mugihe utegura ingero zo kwipimisha munsi ya ASTM, nkurikiza amabwiriza yihariye kugirango menye neza. ASTM ishimangira akamaro ko guca imyenda hamwe neza. Ingero zigomba kuba zidafite inenge, nka crease cyangwa ikizinga, bishobora kugira ingaruka kubisubizo. Ku mwenda wo hejuru wo gusiga irangi, ndemeza ko icyitegererezo gihagarariye icyiciro cyose wirinda ibice hafi yimpande cyangwa impera zumuzingo. ASTM irerekana kandi ibipimo byikigereranyo, bitandukanye bitewe nuburyo bwikizamini. Kurugero, imbaraga zingutu zipimisha zisaba urukiramende rwubunini bwubunini bwihariye. Aya mabwiriza arambuye afasha kugumana uburinganire mubizamini.

Amabwiriza ya ISO yo Gutegura Icyitegererezo

Ibipimo bya ISO bitanga umurongo umwe ukomeye ariko uhujwe nisi yose kugirango utegure icyitegererezo. Nteganya ingero byibura amasaha ane mbere yo kwipimisha, nkurikiza ISO 139. Ibi bituma imyenda ihagarara neza mubihe bisanzwe byikirere. Nashyize umwenda hejuru nta mpagarara mbere yo gukata, ndeba ubunini bwa 500mm kuri 500mm. Kugira ngo nirinde guhuzagurika, ntabwo nigeze nkata ingero muri metero 1 uhereye kumpera yumuzingo cyangwa 150mm uhereye kumpera yigitambara. Iyi myitozo yemeza ko icyitegererezo cyerekana neza ubuziranenge bwimyenda. Ibidukikije byipimisha bigomba gukomeza ubushyuhe bwa 20 ± 2 ° C hamwe nubushuhe bugereranije bwa 65 ± 4%. Ibi bintu bigabanya guhinduka mubisubizo.

Ibisabwa Ibisabwa: ASTM na ISO

Ibisabwa kugirango ibipimo bya ASTM na ISO biratandukanye gato muburyo bwabo. ASTM yibanda ku kubungabunga ibidukikije bikabije mugihe cyo kwipimisha. Nzi neza ko ubushyuhe bwa laboratoire n'ubushuhe bihuye n'uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima. Ku rundi ruhande, ISO ishimangira mbere yo gutunganya imyenda mbere yo kwipimisha. Iyi ntambwe ituma ibikoresho bigera kuburinganire mubihe bisanzwe. Mugihe ibipimo byombi bigamije kugabanya guhinduka, inzira ya ISO ibanziriza-itanga ibintu byoroshye guhinduka kwisi yose. Mubunararibonye bwanjye, iri tandukaniro riba ingenzi mugihe cyo kugerageza imyenda yo hejuru irangi kumasoko mpuzamahanga.

Gukurikizwa Kuruganda

Inganda Ukoresheje Ibipimo bya ASTM

Ibipimo bya ASTM bigira uruhare runini mu nganda zishyira imbere neza nibisabwa mu karere. Mubunararibonye bwanjye ,.urwego rw'imyenda n'ingandashingira cyane kuri aya mahame kugirango umenye ibicuruzwa nibikorwa byiza. Kurugero, amabwiriza ya ASTM afasha guhuza inzira murwego rwimyenda yimyenda, kuzamura uruziga no gushyigikira iterambere ryisoko. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane kubicuruzwa nk'imyenda n'ibikoresho byo munzu, aho ibipimo bitandukanye bikemura ibiranga bidasanzwe.

Kurenza imyenda, ibipimo bya ASTM ni ntangarugero mu nganda nka peteroli, ubwubatsi, n'inganda. Iyi mirenge yunguka protocole irambuye ijyanye nibyifuzo byabo byihariye. Urugero:

• Ibikomoka kuri peteroli: Ibipimo byo gukora peteroli na gaze no kuyitunganya.
• Ubwubatsi: Amabwiriza yo kubaka ibikoresho nibikorwa.
• Gukora: Porotokole yuburyo bwo gukora no kwizeza ubuziranenge.

Kwibanda ku kubahiriza bitera iterambere mu nganda zita ku baguzi, aho ubwishingizi bufite ireme. Nitegereje uburyo ibipimo bya ASTM bitanga ubwizerwe bukenewe kugirango ibyo bisabwa bishoboke.

Inganda Ukoresheje ISO

Ibipimo bya ISO bihuza n'inganda zikorera ku masoko y'isi. Kwibanda ku guhuza byemeza guhuza imipaka. Nabonye ibipimo bya ISO bifite agaciro cyane mumirenge isaba ubuziranenge bwo hejuru burangiye, nka electropolishinge idafite ibyuma. ISO 15730, kurugero, ishyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho byisi yose muriki gikorwa, byemeza umutekano nibikorwa.

Inganda zibanda ku baguzi nazo zungukirwa na ISO ku isi hose. Isoko ryo Kwipimisha, Kugenzura, no Kwemeza (TIC) ryagutse cyane kubera icyifuzo cyubwishingizi bufite ireme. Mu gukurikiza amahame ya ISO, ibigo byerekana ubushake bwo kuba indashyikirwa, bikunguka irushanwa ku masoko mpuzamahanga.

Uturere na Porogaramu rusange

Guhitamo hagati ya ASTM na ISO akenshi biterwa na geografiya nibikorwa byihariye. Ibipimo bya ASTM byiganje ku isoko ryabanyamerika, bitanga umurongo ngenderwaho kandi wihariye mukarere. Ibinyuranye, ibipimo bya ISO bizwi kwisi yose, bigatuma biba byiza mumishinga mpuzamahanga. Kurugero, mugihe ibipimo bya ASTM byitwaye neza mugukemura ibibazo byaho bikenewe, ibipimo bya ISO bitanga ubudahwema bukenewe mubikorwa byambukiranya imipaka.

Iri tandukaniro rigaragara mu nganda nkimyenda. Amasosiyete akora imyenda yo gusiga irangi yoherezwa hanze akenshi ahuza nibipimo bya ISO kugirango yujuje ibisabwa mubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Kurundi ruhande, abagaburira amasoko yimbere mu gihugu barashobora guhitamo ibipimo bya ASTM kugirango bibe byuzuye kandi bifitanye isano nakarere.

Ibipimo byo gusuzuma Ibara

Ibipimo byo gusuzuma ASTM

Ibipimo bya ASTM bitanga uburyo bwuburyo bwogusuzuma ibara. Nishingikirije kuri ASTM D2054 na ASTM D5035 kugirango nsuzume imyambarire yimyenda yo hejuru yo gushira no gushira. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bifashisha sisitemu yo gupima amanota kugirango bapime imikorere mubihe byihariye. Kurugero, ASTM D2054 isuzuma ibara ryumucyo kumurika, mugihe ASTM D5035 yibanda kumbaraga zikomeye no kuramba. Buri kizamini gikurikiza protocole ikaze kugirango ihamye.

Sisitemu yo gutanga amanota mubipimo bya ASTM mubusanzwe iri hagati ya 1 na 5, aho 1 yerekana imikorere mibi naho 5 igereranya imbaraga nziza. Njye mbona iyi sisitemu itaziguye kandi ikora neza kugereranya ubuziranenge bwimyenda. Kurugero, umwenda ufite amanota ya 4 cyangwa arenga yerekana imbaraga zikomeye zo gucika, bigatuma bikoreshwa mubucuruzi. Ibipimo bya ASTM nabyo byibanda kubisubiramo, bisaba ibizamini byinshi kugirango hemezwe ibisubizo. Ibi byemeza kwizerwa mugihe usuzumye imyenda nka polyester rayon ivanze.

Ibipimo byo gusuzuma ISO

Ibipimo bya ISO bifata inzira yisi yose yo gusuzuma ibara. Nkunze gukoresha ISO 105-B02 na ISO 105-C06 mugupima imyenda yo hejuru. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byerekana kurwanya urumuri no gukaraba. Sisitemu yo gutanga amanota ya ISO nayo ikoresha imibare, ariko ikubiyemo ingingo zinyongera kugirango harebwe ibidukikije bitandukanye. Ibi bituma ibipimo bya ISO bifite akamaro kanini kumyenda igenewe amasoko mpuzamahanga.

Igipimo cya ISO kiri hagati ya 1 na 8 kumucyo na 1 kugeza kuri 5 yo gukaraba vuba. Umubare munini werekana imikorere myiza. Kurugero, umwenda ufite urumuri rwumucyo wa 6 cyangwa urenga ufatwa nkigihe kirekire mugihe kinini cyumucyo wizuba. Ibipimo bya ISO birasaba kandi ibyateganijwe mbere yo kwemeza ibisubizo nyabyo. Iyi ntambwe igabanya guhinduka no kongera ubwizerwe bwibikorwa byo gusuzuma.

Kugira ngo tubyerekane, imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana incamake yamakuru yo gutondekanya imibare yo gusuzuma koza vuba mumyenda yo hejuru:

Aya makuru yerekanaakamaro ko kugera ku ntera yo hejurukuzuza ibipimo byubucuruzi.

Kugereranya Sisitemu yo Gutanga amanota

Sisitemu yo gutanga amanota muri ASTM na ISO itandukanye murwego no mubikorwa. ASTM ikoresha igipimo cyoroshye, yibanda ku bipimo byihariye byerekana nk'umucyo cyangwa imbaraga zingana. Ibi bituma biba byiza kumasoko yimbere mugihugu aho precision ari urufunguzo. Ibinyuranye, ibipimo bya ISO bitanga urwego rwuzuye, rwerekana itandukaniro ryisi yose mubihe bidukikije hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa.

Itandukaniro rimwe rigaragara riri mubipimo byumubare. Igipimo cya ASTM 1 kugeza kuri 5 gitanga isuzuma ryeruye, mugihe umunzani wa ISO uratandukanye bitewe nikizamini. Kurugero, ISO 105-B02 ikoresha umunzani wa 1 kugeza 8 kugirango urumuri, rutanga ubunini bwinshi. Ibi biratanga ibisobanuro birambuye, mbona ari ingirakamaro mugihe cyo kugerageza imyenda kubakiriya mpuzamahanga.

Sisitemu zombi zigamije kwemeza ubuziranenge bwimyenda, ariko inzira zabo zigaragaza amasoko bagenewe. Ibipimo bya ASTM bishyira imbere neza kandi bigasubirwamo, bigatuma bibera inganda zo muri Amerika ya ruguru. Ibipimo bya ISO byibanda ku guhuza no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, byita ku masoko y'isi. Guhitamo sisitemu iboneye biterwa nibyifuzo bikenewe byumushinga hamwe nababigenewe.

Ibipimo bya ASTM na ISO bitandukanye muburyo bwo kugerageza, gutegura icyitegererezo, hamwe n'ibipimo byo gusuzuma. ASTM ishyira imbere neza, mugihe ISO yibanda ku guhuza isi. Urugero:

Guhitamo ibipimo ngenderwaho byerekana neza irangi ryirangi rirambye kandi ryujuje ubuziranenge, ryujuje inganda zihariye hamwe n’ibisabwa.

Ibibazo

Ni irihe tandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati ya ASTM na ISO?

Ibipimo bya ASTM byibanda kubikenewe no mukarere, mugihe ISO ishimangira guhuza isi. Ndasaba ASTM kumasoko yimbere mugihugu na ISO kubisabwa mpuzamahanga.

Kuki icyitegererezo gikenewe mugupima imyenda?

Icyitegererezo cyerekana ibisubizo bihamye muguhindura imitungo mugihe cyagenwe. Iyi ntambwe igabanya guhinduka, cyane cyane mugihe cyo kugerageza imyenda yo hejuru irangi kugirango irambe.

Nigute nahitamo hagati ya ASTM na ISO kumushinga wanjye?

Reba isoko ugamije. Ku nganda zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ndasaba amahame ya ASTM. Kubikorwa byisi yose, ibipimo bya ISO bitanga ubudahwema bukenewe kugirango mpuzamahanga yubahirizwe.