Amahame ya ASTM ugereranije na ISO: Uburyo bwo gupima ibara ry'imyenda ifite irangi ryiza cyane

Isuzumaigitambaro cyo hejuru gisiga irangikuriibara ry'imyenda ritagoranabigenzura ko iramba kandi ikora neza. Amabwiriza ya ASTM na ISO atanga amabwiriza atandukanye yo gusuzuma ibikoresho nkaumwenda wa polyester rayonnaumwenda wa poly viscoseGusobanukirwa aya tandukaniro bifasha inganda guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gupimaumwenda uvanze na polyester rayonIbi bishimangira ireme rihoraho muri porogaramu zose, bikongera kunyurwa kw'abakiriya.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Amabwiriza ya ASTM arasobanutse neza kandi akora neza muri Amerika ya Ruguru. Atuma habaho ibizamini byizewe ku myenda ifite irangi ryihariye.
• Amabwiriza ya ISO agamije gukoreshwa ku isi yose, guhuza ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga n'amasoko atandukanye.
• Gutegura ingero z'imyenda nezani ingenzi kugira ngo ibizamini bibe byiza. Bituma imyenda ihora ihindagurika kandi bigabanya impinduka.

Incamake y'amahame ya ASTM na ISO

Gusobanura Amahame ngenderwaho ya ASTM

ASTM International, yahoze izwi nka American Society for Testing and Materials, ishyiraho amahame y’ubwumvikane ku bikoresho, ibicuruzwa, sisitemu na serivisi. Aya mahame ashimangira uburyo bwo gupima buhamye kandi bwizewe. Akenshi nkunda kubona ko amahame ya ASTM ari ingirakamaro cyane cyane kurigusuzuma imiterere y'umubiri n'imitiy'imyenda, harimo n'imyenda yo hejuru irangi. Amabwiriza yabo yemewe cyane muri Amerika ya Ruguru kandi akenshi akorwa kugira ngo ahuze n'amabwiriza agenga akarere.

Gusobanura Amahame ngenderwaho ya ISO

Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Ishyirwaho ry’Ubuziranenge (ISO) ushyiraho amahame yemewe ku isi yose ateza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga n’udushya. Amabwiriza ya ISO yibanda ku guhuza ibikorwa mu nganda no mu turere. Inyandiko zemewe zigaragaza amahame ya ISO zitanga ibisobanuro birambuye ku magambo n’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko. Urugero:

• Isobanura amagambo y'ibanze, ifasha abakoresha gusobanukirwa ibisobanuro n'ibipimo ngenderwaho.
• Ishimangira akamaro k'amagambo yihariye, nko gutandukanya "gomba" (itegeko) na "byagakwiye" (bisabwa).
• Igenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko binyuze mu gusobanura ibisabwa kugira ngo ishyirwe mu bikorwa.

Ibi bisobanuro birambuye bituma amahame ya ISO aba ari ingenzi ku nganda zikorera ku masoko mpuzamahanga.

Gufata abana n'akamaro ku isi yose

Kwemerwa kw'amahame ya ASTM na ISO biratandukanye bitewe n'akarere n'inganda. Amahame ya ASTM ari yo agaragara cyane muri Amerika ya Ruguru, mu gihe amahame ya ISO afite aho ahurira n'isi yose. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igaragaza akamaro kayo ku isoko:

Aya makuru agaragaza akamaro ko guhitamo igipimo gikwiye hashingiwe ku bumenyi bw'ahantu n'ibikenewe mu nganda. Urugero, amasosiyete akora imyenda irangi ikoreshwa cyane mu kohereza mu mahanga agombaguhuza n'amahame ya ISOkugira ngo habeho ibisabwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

Uburyo bwo gupima imyenda yo guha irangi ry'ikirenga

Uburyo bwo gupima ASTM

Mu gihe cyo gupimaigitambaro cyo hejuru gisiga irangiNkoresheje amahame ya ASTM, nishingikiriza ku buryo bwabo busobanutse neza kugira ngo nemeze ko ari ukuri kandi ko bishobora gusubirwamo. Urugero, ASTM D5034 igaragaza uburyo bwo gupima imbaraga z'imyenda. Ubu buryo burimo gufata icyitegererezo cy'imyenda no kuyikoresha kugeza ivunitse. Ku bijyanye n'uko ibara rikomeza, ASTM D2054 itanga uburyo burambuye bwo gusuzuma uburyo bwo guhangana n'impinduka mu gihe cy'urumuri. Ibi bizamini bikorwa mu buryo bugenzurwa kugira ngo bigabanye ibintu bihinduka inyuma.

Amabwiriza ya ASTM ashimangira ubuziranenge. Asaba uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima ibikoresho no kugenzura ibidukikije. Urugero, ahantu ho gupima hagomba kugumana ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe buhamye. Ibi bituma ibisubizo bitagerwaho bitewe n'ibintu byo hanze. Nsanga aya mabwiriza ari ingirakamaro cyane cyane mu gihe ukoresha imyenda ya polyester rayon cyangwa poly viscose, kuko afasha mu kugumana ubuziranenge mu byiciro bitandukanye.

Uburyo bwo gupima ISO

Amahame ya ISO yo gupima imyenda irangi ry’ingenzi yibanda ku guhuza no gukoresha neza ikoreshwa ku isi yose. ISO 105 B02 na EN ISO 105-B04 ni ingingo z'ingenzi zo gusuzumaibara ryihuse. Aya mahame asobanura uburyo bwo gushyira ingero z'imyenda ku matara y'ubukorano, biganisha ku miterere y'ibintu nyabyo. Mu gukurikiza aya mahame, nshobora kwemeza ibisubizo byizewe kandi bihoraho.

Amabwiriza ya ISO ashimangira kandi akamaro ko gupima ibikoresho no gukora ibintu bisanzwe. Gupima buri gihe bigabanya itandukaniro mu bipimo. Ubu buryo ntibutuma gusa habaho ukuri ahubwo bunatuma habaho icyizere ku isoko. Abakora ibikoresho bakurikiza amabwiriza ya ISO babona amahirwe yo guhangana no kugaragaza ko biyemeza gukora ibintu byiza.

• ISO 105 B02 na EN ISO 105-B04 igaragaza uburyo bwo gupima ko ibara ritagorana mu myenda.
• Amabwiriza asanzwe n'uburyo buhoraho bwo kugenzura ibikoresho bigabanya itandukaniro mu musaruro.
• Gukurikiza aya mahame byongera icyizere n'icyizere ku isoko.

Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi mu buryo bwo gupima

Itandukaniro ry'ibanze hagati y'uburyo bwo gupima bwa ASTM na ISO riri mu byo bwibandaho n'aho bugarukira. Amabwiriza ya ASTM akenshi ashingiye ku karere, akorera inganda zo muri Amerika ya Ruguru. Ashyira imbere ubuziranenge kandi agashyirwaho kugira ngo ahuze n'ibisabwa n'amategeko yo mu gace. Mu buryo bunyuranye, amabwiriza ya ISO agamije guhuza isi yose. Atanga urwego rusange rworoshya ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

Ikindi gitandukanye ni urwego rw'ibisobanuro birambuye mu gutegura ingero no gupima. Amabwiriza ya ASTM arasobanutse cyane, akenshi asaba gukurikiza cyane igenzura ry'ibidukikije. Amabwiriza ya ISO, nubwo akomeye, atanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kwakira imikorere itandukanye ku isi. Ibi bituma amahame ya ISO aba akwiriye abakora ibikorwa bigamije amasoko mpuzamahanga.

Mu bunararibonye bwanjye, guhitamo hagati y’amahame ya ASTM na ISO biterwa n’ikoreshwa ryayo n’isoko ryihariye. Ku ikoreshwa ry’imbere mu gihugu, amahame ya ASTM atanga urwego rwizewe. Ku bikorwa mpuzamahanga, amahame ya ISO atanga uburyo bwo guhuza bukenewe kugira ngo ahuze n’ibyo amahanga yiteze.

Gutegura no Gutunganya Ingero

Amabwiriza ya ASTM yo gutegura icyitegererezo

Mu gihe ntegura ingero zo gupimisha hakurikijwe amahame ya ASTM, nkurikiza amabwiriza yihariye kugira ngo nemeze ko zihuye neza. ASTM ishimangira akamaro ko gukata ingero z'imyenda neza. Ingero zigomba kuba zidafite inenge, nk'udusimba cyangwa ibizinga, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bisubizo by'ibizamini. Ku mwenda wo hejuru w'irangi, nemeza ko ingero ihagarariye itsinda ryose ry'ibizamini birinda ibice byegereye impande cyangwa impera z'umuzingo. ASTM kandi igena ingano z'ingero z'ibizamini, zitandukanye bitewe n'uburyo bwo gupima. Urugero, ibizamini by'imbaraga zo gukurura bisaba ingero z'urukiramende zifite ingano runaka. Aya mabwiriza arambuye afasha kugumana ingano imwe mu bizamini.

Amabwiriza ya ISO yo gutegura icyitegererezo

Amabwiriza ya ISO atanga amabwiriza akomeye ariko ahuje ku isi yose yo gutegura ingero. Nshyiraho ingero nibura amasaha ane mbere yo kuzipima, nkurikije ISO 139. Ibi bituma umwenda uhora uhagaze neza mu gihe cy’ikirere gisanzwe. Nshyira umwenda mu mwanya ugororotse nta gucika intege mbere yo kuzikata, nkareba ko ingano yawo ari 500mm kuri 500mm. Kugira ngo wirinde kuvuguruzanya, sinigeze nkata ingero muri metero 1 uvuye ku mpera y’umuzingo cyangwa 150mm uvuye ku nkengero z’umwenda. Ubu buryo butuma ingero zigaragaza neza ubwiza bw’umwenda muri rusange. Ahantu ho gupima hagomba kugumana ubushyuhe bwa 20±2°C n’ubushyuhe bwa 65 ± 4%. Ibi bigabanya ihindagurika ry’ibisubizo.

Ibisabwa mu bijyanye no gutunganya ibintu: ASTM ugereranije na ISO

Ibisabwa ku bipimo bya ASTM na ISO biratandukanye gato mu buryo bikoreshwa. ASTM yibanda ku gukomeza kugenzura ibidukikije mu gihe cyo gupima. Ngenzura ko ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bya laboratwari bihuye n'ibisabwa n'uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima. Ku rundi ruhande, ISO ishimangira gutunganya mbere y'uko igipimo gitangira. Iyi ntambwe ituma ibikoresho bigera ku buringanire mu bihe bisanzwe. Nubwo ibipimo byombi bigamije kugabanya itandukaniro, uburyo bwa ISO bwo gutunganya mbere y'igihe butanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha ku isi yose. Mu bunararibonye bwanjye, iri tandukaniro riba ingenzi cyane iyo ugerageza igitambaro cy'irangi cyiza ku masoko mpuzamahanga.

Gukoreshwa mu nganda zose

Inganda zikoresha amahame ya ASTM

Amahame ya ASTM agira uruhare runini mu nganda zishyira imbere ubuziranenge n'ibisabwa mu karere. Mu bunararibonye bwanjye,urwego rw'imyenda n'ingandakwishingikiriza cyane kuri aya mahame kugira ngo hamenyekane imikorere n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Urugero, amabwiriza ya ASTM afasha guhuza ibikorwa mu ruhererekane rw'agaciro k'imyenda, yongera uruziga kandi agashyigikira iterambere ry'isoko. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane ku bicuruzwa nk'imyenda n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo, aho amahame atandukanye agaragaza imiterere yihariye.

Uretse imyenda, amahame ya ASTM ni ingenzi cyane mu nganda nka peteroli, ubwubatsi, n'inganda. Izi nganda zungukira ku masezerano arambuye ajyanye n'ibyo zikeneye byihariye. Urugero:

• Peteroli: Amahame ngenderwaho mu gukora no gutunganya peteroli na gaze.
• Ubwubatsi: Amabwiriza agenga ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi n'imyitozo.
• Inganda: Amabwiriza agenga inzira z'umusaruro n'ubuziranenge.

Kwibanda ku kubahiriza amategeko bituma inganda zibanda ku baguzi zikura, aho kugenzura ubuziranenge ari ingenzi cyane. Nabonye uburyo amahame ya ASTM atanga icyizere gikenewe kugira ngo ibyo bisabwa bigerweho.

Inganda zikoresha amahame ya ISO

Amabwiriza ya ISO areba inganda zikorera ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Gushyira imbaraga mu guhuza ibintu bituma habaho ubwumvikane mu mipaka. Nasanze amahame ya ISO afite akamaro cyane mu nzego zisaba irangi ry’ubuso bwiza, nko gushushanya ibyuma bitagira umugese. Urugero, ISO 15730 ishyiraho igipimo ngenderwaho cy’iyi gahunda, igenzura umutekano n’imikorere.

Inganda zibanda ku baguzi nazo zungukira ku ikoreshwa rya ISO ku isi hose. Isoko ry’ibizamini, igenzura n’impamyabushobozi (TIC) ryagutse cyane bitewe n’uko hakenewe igenzura ry’ubuziranenge. Mu kubahiriza amahame ya ISO, amasosiyete agaragaza ubushake bwayo mu gukora neza, akagira amahirwe yo guhangana ku masoko mpuzamahanga.

Porogaramu zo mu Karere cyangwa Isi yose

Guhitamo hagati y’ibipimo bya ASTM na ISO akenshi biterwa n’ibisabwa mu rwego rw’ubutaka n’imishinga. Ibipimo bya ASTM ni byo byiganje ku isoko rya Amerika, bitanga amabwiriza arambuye n’ay’uturere. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibipimo bya ISO byemewe ku isi yose, bigatuma biba byiza ku mishinga mpuzamahanga. Urugero, nubwo ibipimo bya ASTM ari byiza mu gukemura ibibazo by’amategeko mu gace, ibipimo bya ISO bitanga uburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa byambukiranya imipaka.

Iri tandukaniro rigaragara mu nganda nk'imyenda. Amasosiyete akora imyenda irangi ryiza cyane yo kohereza mu mahanga akenshi akurikiza amahame ya ISO kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Ku rundi ruhande, abashinzwe amasoko yo mu gihugu bashobora guhitamo amahame ya ASTM bitewe n'ubuziranenge bwayo n'akamaro kayo mu karere.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma niba ibara ritazibagirana

Amabwiriza y'Isuzuma rya ASTM

Amahame ngenderwaho ya ASTM atanga uburyo bufite gahunda bwogusuzuma ko ibara ritagorana. Nishingikiriza kuri ASTM D2054 na ASTM D5035 mu gusuzuma ubushobozi bw'imyenda yo hejuru mu guhanagura no kwangirika. Aya mahame akoresha uburyo bwo gupima imibare kugira ngo apime imikorere mu bihe runaka. Urugero, ASTM D2054 isuzuma ubushobozi bw'ibara mu guhanagura urumuri, mu gihe ASTM D5035 yibanda ku mbaraga zo gukurura no kuramba. Buri kizamini gikurikiza amabwiriza akomeye kugira ngo gihamye ko gihoraho.

Uburyo bwo gupima mu bipimo bya ASTM ubusanzwe buri hagati ya 1 na 5, aho 1 igaragaza imikorere mibi naho 5 igaragaza ubushobozi bwo kudakora neza. Nsanga ubu buryo bworoshye kandi bufite akamaro mu kugereranya ubuziranenge bw'imyenda. Urugero, umwenda ufite amanota 4 cyangwa arenga ugaragaza ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kudashira, bigatuma uba ukwiriye gukoreshwa mu bucuruzi. Amahame ya ASTM kandi ashimangira ubushobozi bwo gusubiramo, asaba ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo byemezwe ibisubizo. Ibi byemeza ko ari ingirakamaro mu gusuzuma imyenda nka polyester rayon blends.

Amahame ngenderwaho y'isuzuma rya ISO

Amabwiriza ya ISO akoresha uburyo mpuzamahanga bwo gusuzuma niba ibara ritagorana. Nkunda gukoresha ISO 105-B02 na ISO 105-C06 mu gupima imyenda yo hejuru irangi. Aya mahame apima ubushobozi bwo kudakira urumuri n'ubusa. Sisitemu yo gupima ya ISO ikoresha kandi amanota y'imibare, ariko ikubiyemo ibindi bipimo kugira ngo harebwe imiterere itandukanye y'ibidukikije. Ibi bituma amahame ya ISO aba ingirakamaro cyane ku myenda igenewe amasoko mpuzamahanga.

Igipimo cya ISO gipima kiri hagati ya 1 na 8 ku bijyanye n'ubudahangarwa bw'urumuri na 1 kugeza 5 ku bijyanye n'ubudahangarwa bw'urumuri. Imibare myinshi igaragaza imikorere myiza. Urugero, umwenda ufite ubudahangarwa bw'urumuri bwa 6 cyangwa hejuru yawo ufatwa nk'aho uramba cyane iyo umara igihe kirekire ucanye n'izuba. Amabwiriza ya ISO kandi asaba ingero zo gutunganya mbere y'igihe kugira ngo hamenyekane ibisubizo nyabyo. Iyi ntambwe igabanya ubusumbane kandi yongera icyizere cy'uburyo bwo gusuzuma.

Urugero, imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igaragaza muri make amakuru yerekeye amanota y’imibare yo gusuzuma uburyo imyenda yo kumesa ikomeza gukaraba mu mwenda wo hejuru:

Aya makuru agaragazaakamaro ko kugera ku manota yo hejurukugira ngo byuzuze amahame ngenderwaho y'ubucuruzi.

Kugereranya Sisitemu zo Gutanga Amanota

Uburyo bwo gutanga amanota mu bipimo bya ASTM na ISO buratandukanye mu buryo bukoreshwa n'uburyo bukoreshwa. ASTM ikoresha igipimo cyoroshye, yibanda ku bipimo byihariye by'imikorere nko gukomera cyangwa imbaraga zo gukurura. Ibi bituma iba nziza ku masoko yo mu gihugu aho ubushishozi ari ingenzi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ibipimo bya ISO bitanga urwego rwuzuye, ruhuza ihindagurika ry'isi mu miterere y'ibidukikije n'uburyo bikoreshwa.

Itandukaniro rigaragara riri mu bipimo by'imibare. Igipimo cya ASTM kuva kuri 1 kugeza kuri 5 gitanga isuzuma ryoroshye, mu gihe ibipimo bya ISO bitandukana bitewe n'ikizamini. Urugero, ISO 105-B02 ikoresha igipimo kuva kuri 1 kugeza kuri 8 kugira ngo irusheho gukomera, itanga ubunini bwinshi. Ibi bituma habaho isuzuma rirambuye, ibyo nsanga ari ingirakamaro iyo ngerageza imyenda ku bakiriya mpuzamahanga.

Uburyo bwombi bugamije kwemeza ko imyenda ifite ubuziranenge, ariko uburyo ikoreshwamo bugaragaza amasoko yayo. Amabwiriza ya ASTM ashyira imbere ubuziranenge no gusubiramo, bigatuma akoreshwa neza n'inganda zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Amabwiriza ya ISO ashimangira guhuza no guhuza ibintu, ajyanye n'amasoko mpuzamahanga. Guhitamo uburyo bukwiye biterwa n'ibyo umushinga ukeneye n'abo ugenewe.

Ibipimo bya ASTM na ISO biratandukanye mu buryo bwo gupima, gutegura icyitegererezo, n'ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma. ASTM ishyira imbere ubuziranenge, mu gihe ISO yibanda ku guhuza isi yose. Urugero:

Guhitamo igipimo gikwiye bitanga irangi riramba kandi rifite ubuziranenge, rigahuza n'ibyo inganda zikenera ndetse n'uturere zikenera.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni irihe tandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati y'amahame ya ASTM na ISO?

Amabwiriza ya ASTM yibanda ku buryo bunoze n'ibikenewe mu karere, mu gihe amahame ya ISO yibanda ku guhuza isi yose. Ndasaba ASTM ku masoko yo mu gihugu na ISO ku bikorwa mpuzamahanga.

Kuki gutunganya ingero ari ingenzi mu gupima imyenda?

Gutunganya ingero bitanga umusaruro uhoraho binyuze mu gushimangira imiterere y'imyenda mu gihe igenzurwa. Iyi ntambwe igabanya ihindagurika, cyane cyane iyo ugerageza imyenda ifite irangi rinini kugira ngo urebe ko iramba.

Nigute nahitamo hagati y'ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ASTM na ISO ku mushinga wanjye?

Tekereza ku isoko wifuza. Ku nganda zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ndagusaba amahame ya ASTM. Ku bikorwa mpuzamahanga, amahame ya ISO atanga uburyo buhamye bwo kubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga.