ASTM vs. ISO Standards: Nzira dzeKuedza dzeKusasimba kweMachira Akadhayiwa

Kuedzwajira redhayi repamusoroyeruvara rwejirainovimbisa kugara kwayo kwenguva refu uye kushanda kwayo zvakanaka. Mitemo yeASTM neISO inopa gwara rakasiyana rekuongorora zvinhu zvakaita sejira repolyester rayonuyejira re poly viscoseKunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunobatsira maindasitiri kusarudza nzira dzakakodzera dzekuyedzajira rakasanganiswa repolyester rayonIzvi zvinoita kuti pave nemhando dzakasiyana dzemapurogiramu, zvichiwedzera kugutsikana kwevatengi.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva

• ASTM zviyero zvakanyatsonaka uye zvinoshanda zvakanaka kuNorth America. Zvinoita kuti pave nemiedzo yakavimbika yemachira epamusoro ekupenda.
• Mikana yeISO inonangana nekushandiswa pasi rese, kukodzera kutengeserana kwepasi rose uye misika yakasiyana.
• Kugadzirira mienzaniso yejira nemazvoZvakakosha kuti bvunzo dzibude zvakanaka. Zvinochengetedza jira rakagadzikana uye zvinoderedza shanduko.

Pfupiso yeASTM neISO Standards

Kutsanangura Maitiro eASTM

ASTM International, yaimbozivikanwa seAmerican Society for Testing and Materials, inogadzira mitemo yekubvumirana kwezvishandiso, zvigadzirwa, masisitimu, uye masevhisi. Mitemo iyi inovimbisa kuenderana uye kuvimbika kwenzira dzekuyedza. Ini ndinowanzoona mitemo yeASTM ichinyanya kubatsira kunekuongorora hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikariyemicheka, kusanganisira machira epamusoro edhayi. Mitemo yavo inozivikanwa zvakanyanya kuNorth America uye inowanzo gadziriswa kuti ienderane nezvinodiwa nemitemo yedunhu.

Kutsanangura ISO Standards

Sangano reInternational Organisation for Standardization (ISO) rinogadzira mitemo inogamuchirwa pasi rose inokurudzira kutengeserana kwenyika dzese nekuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva. Mitemo yeISO inotarisa pakubatanidza maitiro mumaindasitiri nenzvimbo dzakasiyana. Magwaro epamutemo anotsanangura mitemo yeISO anopa kujeka pamashoko ekushandiswa uye kutevedzera mitemo. Semuenzaniso:

• Inotsanangura mazwi ekutanga, ichibatsira vashandisi kunzwisisa tsananguro nezvinodiwa.
• Inosimbisa kukosha kwemashoko chaiwo, akadai sekusiyanisa pakati pekuti “shall” (inosungirwa) uye “should” (inokurudzirwa).
• Inovimbisa kutevedzera mitemo nekujekesa zvinodiwa kuti zviitwe.

Mashoko aya anoita kuti zviyero zveISO zvive zvakakosha kumaindasitiri anoshanda mumisika yepasi rose.

Kugamuchirwa uye Kukosha Kwepasi Rose

Kugamuchirwa kwemitemo yeASTM neISO kunosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye maindasitiri. Mitemo yeASTM ndiyo inonyanya kutekeshera muNorth America, nepo mitemo yeISO ichisvika pasi rose. Tafura inotevera inoratidza kukosha kwayo pamusika:

Ruzivo urwu runosimbisa kukosha kwekusarudza mwero wakakodzera zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye zvinodiwa neindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, makambani anogadzira machira edhayi akanakisa ekutengesera kunze kwenyika anofaniraenderana nezvinodiwa zve ISOkusangana nezvinodiwa zvekutengeserana kwenyika dzese.

Nzira Dzekuyedza dzeMachira Epamusoro Akadhayiwa

Maitiro Ekuongorora ASTM

Pakuyedzajira redhayi repamusoroNdichishandisa zviyero zveASTM, ndinovimba nemaitiro avo akanyatsotsanangurwa kuti ndive nechokwadi chekuti zvakarurama uye zvinodzokororwa. Semuenzaniso, ASTM D5034 inotsanangura nzira yekuyedza kubata yekuongorora kusimba kwejira. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kusunga sampuli yejira nekushandisa simba kusvika yatyoka. Kuti ruvara rusatsvedze, ASTM D2054 inopa hurongwa hwakadzama hwekuongorora kuramba kudzima kana chiedza chabuda. Miedzo iyi inoitwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akarongwa kuderedza zvinhu zvekunze.

Mitemo yeASTM inosimbisa kunyatsojeka. Inoda kurongeka kwemidziyo chaiyo uye kudzora nharaunda. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yekuyedza inofanira kuchengetedza tembiricha nehunyoro hwakafanana. Izvi zvinoita kuti mhedzisiro isakanganiswa nezvinhu zvekunze. Ndinoona nhungamiro idzi dzichinyanya kubatsira pakushanda nemachira epolyester rayon kana poly viscose, sezvo zvichibatsira kuchengetedza kuenderana kwemabhechi ese.

Maitiro Ekuongorora ISO

Mitemo yeISO yekuedza machira epamusoro edhayi inotarisa pakuwirirana uye kushanda kwayo pasi rose. ISO 105 B02 ne EN ISO 105-B04 ndiwo mareferensi makuru ekuongororakusachinja ruvara. Mitemo iyi inotsanangura nzira dzekuisa mienzaniso yejira kune chiedza chekugadzira, zvichitevedzera mamiriro chaiwo ezvinhu. Nekutevedzera mitemo iyi, ndinogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhedzisiro yakavimbika uye inoenderana.

Mitemo yeISO inosimbisawo kukosha kwekuongororwa kwemidziyo uye maitiro akajairwa. Kuongororwa nguva dzose kunoderedza kusiyana kwemhedzisiro yekuyedzwa. Nzira iyi haingovimbisi chete kururama asiwo inovaka kuvimbana mumusika. Vagadziri vanotevedzera mitemo yeISO vanowana mukana wekukwikwidzana nekuratidza kuzvipira kwavo kune mhando.

• ISO 105 B02 ne EN ISO 105-B04 dzinotsanangura nzira dzekuyedza kusachinja ruvara mumachira.
• Maitiro akajairwa uye kuenzaniswa kwemidziyo nguva dzose kunoderedza kusiyana kwemhedzisiro.
• Kutevedzera mitemo iyi kunowedzera kuvimbika uye kuvimbana kwemusika.

Misiyano mikuru muNzira dzeKuedza

Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati penzira dzekuyedza dzeASTM neISO uri mukutarisa kwadzo uye muhukuru hwadzo. Mitemo yeASTM inowanzo kuve yakanangana nedunhu, ichienderana nemaindasitiri ekuNorth America. Inokoshesa kunyatsorongeka uye yakagadzirirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa nemutemo wemunharaunda. Kusiyana neizvi, mitemo yeISO inovavarira kubatana pasi rose. Inopa hurongwa hwepasi rose hunobatsira kutengeserana kwenyika dzese.

Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana ndechekuti gadziriro yemuenzaniso uye mamiriro ekuyedza akanyatsojeka. Mitemo yeASTM yakanyatsojeka, inowanzoda kutevedzera zvakanyanya mitemo yezvakatipoteredza. Mitemo yeISO, kunyange zvazvo yakaoma, inopa mukana wekugamuchira maitiro akasiyana-siyana epasi rose. Izvi zvinoita kuti mitemo yeISO ive yakakodzera kune vagadziri vanotarisa misika yepasi rose.

Muruzivo rwangu, sarudzo pakati peASTM neISO standards inoenderana nekushandiswa kwaunoda uye musika waunoda. Pakushandiswa kwemuno, ASTM standards inopa hurongwa hwakavimbika. Pakushanda kwepasi rose, ISO standards inopa kuenderana kunodiwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa nenyika dzese.

Kugadzirira kwemuenzaniso uye kugadzirisa mamiriro emuviri

Nhungamiro dzeASTM dzekugadzirira muenzaniso

Pandinenge ndichigadzirira masampuli ekuyedza pasi pemitemo yeASTM, ndinotevedzera nhungamiro dzakatarwa kuti ndive nechokwadi chekuti masampuli emachira akaenzana. ASTM inosimbisa kukosha kwekucheka masampuli emachira nemazvo. Masampuli anofanira kunge asina zvikanganiso, zvakaita semakomba kana mavara, zvinogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro yebvunzo. Pajira repamusoro redhayi, ndinoita shuwa kuti muenzaniso unomiririra batch yese nekudzivirira zvikamu zviri pedyo nemipendero kana magumo emupumburu. ASTM inotsanangurawo saizi yemasampuli ekuyedza, ayo anosiyana zvichienderana nenzira yekuyedza. Semuenzaniso, bvunzo dzesimba rekusimba dzinoda masampuli erectangular ane saizi chaiyo. Mirairo iyi yakadzama inobatsira kuchengetedza kufanana kwebvunzo dzese.

Nhungamiro dzeISO dzekugadzirira sampuro

Mitemo yeISO inopa gwara rakasimba asi rinoenderana pasi rose rekugadzirira sampuli. Ndinoisa sampuli kwemaawa mana ndisati ndaedza, ndichitevera ISO 139. Izvi zvinoita kuti jira rigare zvakanaka mumamiriro ekunze akajairwa. Ndinoisa jira rakati sandara pasina kumanikidzwa ndisati ndacheka, ndichivimbisa saizi ye500mm ne500mm. Kuti ndidzivise kusawirirana, handimbocheki sampuli mukati memita imwe kubva kumagumo emupumburu kana 150mm kubva kumipendero yejira. Maitiro aya anoita kuti sampuli iratidze kunaka kwejira nemazvo. Nzvimbo yekuyedza inofanira kuchengetedza tembiricha ye20±2°C uye hunyoro hwe65 ± 4%. Mamiriro aya anoderedza kusiyana kwemhedzisiro.

Zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa: ASTM vs. ISO

Zvinodiwa pakugadziriswa kweASTM neISO zvinosiyana zvishoma pamaitiro azvo. ASTM inotarisa pakuchengetedza kudzora kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza panguva yekuedzwa. Ndinoona kuti tembiricha nehunyoro hwerabhoritari zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nenzira chaiyo yekuyedza. ISO, kune rumwe rutivi, inosimbisa kugadziridzwa kwejira risati raedzwa. Danho iri rinoita kuti zvinhu zvisvike pakuenzana pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yese iri miviri ichivavarira kuderedza kusiyana, maitiro ekugadzirisa eISO anopa kuchinjika kukuru kune mashandisirwo epasi rose. Mukuona kwangu, musiyano uyu unova wakakosha pakuedza jira repamusoro redhayi kumisika yepasi rose.

Kushanda Mumaindasitiri Ese

Maindasitiri Anoshandisa ASTM Standards

ASTM zviyero zvinoita basa rakakosha mumaindasitiri anonyanya kukoshesa kunyatsorongeka uye zvinodiwa zvedunhu. Mukuona kwangu,zvikamu zvemachira nekugadziraVanovimba zvakanyanya nezvinodiwa izvi kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chinoshanda uye chine mhando. Semuenzaniso, nhungamiro dzeASTM dzinobatsira kubatanidza maitiro mucheni yemutengo wemachira, zvichisimudzira kutenderera uye zvichitsigira kukura kwemusika. Izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya kune zvigadzirwa zvakaita sezvipfeko nemidziyo yemumba, uko zviyero zvakasiyana zvinotarisa hunhu hwakasiyana.

Kupfuura machira, zviyero zveASTM zvakakosha mumaindasitiri akadai sepeturu, kuvaka, uye kugadzira. Masangano aya anobatsirwa nemaitiro akadzama akagadzirirwa zvinodiwa zvavo. Semuenzaniso:

• Petroleum: Maitiro ekugadzira nekuchenesa mafuta negasi.
• Kuvaka: Gwaro rekushandisa zvinhu zvekuvaka uye maitiro.
• Kugadzira: Maitiro ekugadzira uye kuvimbisa mhando.

Kutarisa pakutevedzera mitemo kunokurudzira kukura kwemaindasitiri anotarisa vatengi, uko kuvimbisa mhando yezvigadzirwa kuchikosha. Ndakaona kuti mitemo yeASTM inopa sei kuvimbika kunodiwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa izvi.

Maindasitiri Anoshandisa ISO Standards

Mitemo yeISO inoenderana nemaindasitiri anoshanda mumisika yepasi rose. Kusimbisa kwavo kubatana kunoita kuti zvinhu zvienderane nemiganhu. Ndakaona kuti mitemo yeISO inokosha zvikuru muzvikamu zvinoda kugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro, zvakaita se electropolishing yesimbi isingatsvi. Semuenzaniso, ISO 15730 inoisa chiyero chepasi rose chemaitiro aya, ichivimbisa kuchengetedzeka uye kushanda zvakanaka.

Maindasitiri anonyanya kukoshesa vatengi anobatsirwawo nekushandiswa kweISO pasi rose. Musika weTesting, Inspection, and Certification (TIC) wakawedzera zvakanyanya nekuda kwekudiwa kwevimbiso yemhando yepamusoro. Nekutevedzera mitemo yeISO, makambani anoratidza kuzvipira kwavo kune kugona, vachiwana mukana wekukwikwidzana mumisika yepasi rose.

Zvishandiso zveDunhu vs. zvePasirose

Sarudzo pakati pezvinodiwa zveASTM neISO inowanzoenderana nezvinodiwa zvenzvimbo uye zvepurojekiti. Mitemo yeASTM ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mumusika weAmerica, ichipa nhungamiro dzakadzama uye dzedunhu. Kusiyana neizvi, mitemo yeISO inozivikanwa pasi rose, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera mapurojekiti epasi rose. Semuenzaniso, nepo mitemo yeASTM ichibudirira mukugadzirisa zvinodiwa nemutemo wemunharaunda, mitemo yeISO inopa kuenderana kunodiwa pakushanda kwemakambani akasiyana.

Musiyano uyu unova pachena mumaindasitiri akaita semachira. Makambani anogadzira machira edhayi akanakisa anotengeswa kunze kwenyika anowanzoenderana nezvinodiwa neISO kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa zvekutengeserana kwenyika dzese. Kune rumwe rutivi, avo vanoshandira misika yemuno vanogona kusarudza zviyero zveASTM nekuda kwekururama kwazvo uye kukosha kwazvo munharaunda.

Maitiro Ekuongorora Ruvara Rwakapfava

Maitiro Ekuongorora eASTM

ASTM zviyero zvinopa nzira yakarongeka yekuteverakuongorora kusachinja ruvara. Ndinovimba neASTM D2054 neASTM D5035 pakuongorora kuramba kwejira repamusoro pakupenga nekusakara. Mitemo iyi inoshandisa masisitimu ekuyera nhamba kuyera mashandiro ayo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Semuenzaniso, ASTM D2054 inoongorora kusachinjika kweruvara kana chiedza chabuda, nepo ASTM D5035 ichitarisa pakusimba kwekusimba uye kugara kwenguva refu. Bvunzo yega yega inotevera mitemo yakasimba kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti jira racho rinogara rakafanana.

Sisitimu yekuyera muASTM standards inowanzova pakati pe1 kusvika 5, apo 1 inoratidza kushanda kusina kunaka uye 5 inomiririra kuramba kwakanaka. Ini ndinoona sisitimu iyi iri nyore uye inoshanda pakuenzanisa mhando yejira. Semuenzaniso, jira rine giredhi re4 kana kupfuura rinoratidza kuramba kwakasimba pakuora, zvichiita kuti rikwanise kushandiswa mukutengeserana. ASTM standards inosimbisawo kudzokororwa, ichida bvunzo dzakawanda kuti isimbise mhedzisiro. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakavimbika pakuongorora machira akaita sepolyester rayon blends.

Maitiro Ekuongorora ISO

Mitemo yeISO inoshandisa nzira yepasi rose yekuongorora kusachinjika kwemavara. Ini ndinowanzo shandisa ISO 105-B02 neISO 105-C06 pakuedza jira repamusoro rekupenda. Mitemo iyi inoongorora kusapindirana nechiedza nekugezwa, zvichiteerana. Sisitimu yeISO yekuyera inoshandisawo manhamba, asi inosanganisira zvimwe zvinodiwa kuti iongorore mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ezvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvinoita kuti mitemo yeISO inyanye kubatsira kumachira akagadzirirwa misika yepasi rose.

Chikero chekuyera cheISO chinotangira pa1 kusvika pa8 chekudzivirira kupenya uye 1 kusvika pa5 chekudzivirira kupenya. Nhamba dzakakwirira dzinoratidza kushanda kuri nani. Semuenzaniso, jira rine giredhi rekudzivirira kupenya re6 kana kupfuura rinoonekwa serinogara kwenguva refu kana richiratidzwa nezuva kwenguva refu. Mitemo yeISO inokurudzirawo masampuli ekugadzirira kupenya kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mhinduro dzakarurama. Danho iri rinoderedza kusiyana uye rinowedzera kuvimbika kwemaitiro ekuongorora.

Semuenzaniso, tafura iri pazasi inoratidza muchidimbu ruzivo rwekuongorora kusimba kwekuwachisa jira repamusoro:

Ruzivo urwu runoratidza kutikukosha kwekuwana ma ratings akakwirakusangana nezvinodiwa zvekutengeserana.

Kuenzanisa kweMagadzirirwo eGrading Systems

Masisitimu ekuyera muASTM neISO anosiyana muhukuru uye mashandisirwo. ASTM inoshandisa chiyero chiri nyore, ichitarisa pane zviyero zvekushanda zvakaita sekusimba kwechiedza kana simba rekusunga. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakakodzera misika yemuno uko kunyatsojeka kuri kwakakosha. Kusiyana neizvi, zviyero zveISO zvinopa hurongwa hwakakwana, hunoenderana nekusiyana kwepasi rose mumamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekushandiswa.

Musiyano mumwe chete unozivikanwa uri muzviyero zvenhamba. Chiyero cheASTM che1-kusvika-5 chinopa ongororo yakatwasuka, nepo zviyero zveISO zvichisiyana zvichienderana nebvunzo. Semuenzaniso, ISO 105-B02 inoshandisa chiyero che1 kusvika ku8 chekusimbisa kusimba, zvichipa granularity yakakura. Izvi zvinobvumira ongororo dzakadzama, dzandinoona dzichibatsira pakuedza machira evatengi vekunze.

Masisitimu ese ari maviri ane chinangwa chekuona kuti machira akanaka, asi maitiro avo anoratidza misika yavanoda. Mitemo yeASTM inotungamira pakururamisa uye kudzokorora, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera maindasitiri ekuNorth America. Mitemo yeISO inosimbisa kuenderana uye kushanduka, zvichienderana nemisika yepasi rose. Kusarudza sisitimu yakakodzera kunoenderana nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvepurojekiti uye vateereri vakanangwa.

Mitemo yeASTM neISO yakasiyana munzira dzekuyedza, kugadzirira sampuro, uye zvinodiwa pakuongorora. ASTM inonyanya kukoshesa kunyatsorongeka, ukuwo ISO ichinyanya kukoshesa kubatana kwepasi rose. Semuenzaniso:

Kusarudza mwero wakakodzera kunoita kuti machira edhayi agare kwenguva refu uye ave emhando yepamusoro, zvichizadzisa zvinodiwa neindasitiri uye zvenzvimbo.

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa

Ndeupi musiyano mukuru uripo pakati peASTM neISO standards?

Mitemo yeASTM inotarisa pakunyatsorongeka uye zvinodiwa munharaunda, ukuwo mitemo yeISO ichisimbisa kubatana kwepasi rose. Ini ndinokurudzira ASTM yemisika yemuno uye ISO yekushandiswa kwenyika dzese.

Sei kugadziridzwa kwemuenzaniso kuchikosha pakuongorora machira?

Kugadzirisa kwemuenzaniso kunovimbisa mhedzisiro yakafanana nekusimbisa hunhu hwemachira mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzorwa. Danho iri rinoderedza kusiyana, kunyanya kana uchiedza machira epamusoro edhayi kuti agare kwenguva refu here.

Ndingasarudza sei pakati peASTM neISO standards dzepurojekiti yangu?

Funga nezvemusika waunoda. Kune maindasitiri ekuNorth America, ndinokurudzira mwero weASTM. Kune mashandiro epasi rose, mwero weISO unopa kuenderana kunodiwa kuti pasi rose ritevedzere mitemo.