Jira repolyester spandex rakachinja zvipfeko zvevakadzi zvemazuva ano nekupa nyaradzo isingaenzaniswi, kuchinjika, uye kugara kwenguva refu. Chikamu chevakadzi ndicho chine mugove mukuru pamusika, zvichikonzerwa nekuwedzera kukurumbira kwezvipfeko zvekumhanya uye zvekupfeka zvine simba, kusanganisira maleggings nemabhurugwa eyoga.Jira rembabvuuyeScuba Suedekusimudzira kushanduka-shanduka, ukuwo sarudzo dzinogara kwenguva refu dzakadai seJICHI REDARLONkugadzirisa zvinodiwa nevatengi vanokoshesa kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Vagadziri vemachira epolyester spandex pasi rose vari kuzadzisa zvinodiwa izvi nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwemachira uye network dzakasimba dzekugovera.
Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva
- Jira repolyester spandex rinonyaradza uye rinotambanuka, rakakodzera zvipfeko zvemitambo uye zvipfeko zvemazuva ese.
- Vagadziri vezvigadzirwa vanonyanya kutarisisa kuchengetedza nharaunda nekushandisa nzira dzekuchengetedza nharaunda uye tekinoroji itsva kuti vafadze vatengi.
- Kusarudza mugadziri akanakisa zvinoreva kutarisa mhando, kugara kwenguva refu, uye kushanda nesimba kuti machira arambe akasimba uye akatambanuka.
Vagadziri gumi vepamusoro vePolyester Spandex Fabric muna 2025
Invista
Invista inoonekwa semutungamiri wepasi rose mukugadzira machira epolyester spandex, inozivikanwa nerudzi rwayo rweLycra. Rudzi urwu rwave kufanana nemachira epamusoro-soro anogona kutatamuka, achibatsira mukushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana senge zvipfeko zvekushanda, zvipfeko zvemukati, uye majasi. Kusimbisa kwakasimba kwekambani pakutsvaga nekuvandudza kwakaguma nemhinduro itsva dzespandex dzinogutsa zvinodiwa nevatengi vari kuchinja. Kuedza kwaInvista kuchengetedza zvinhu, kusanganisira kushanda pamwe chete nemabhurugwa emafashoni kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvespandex zvine hushamwari nezvakatipoteredza, kunowedzera kuwedzera kuvapo kwayo pamusika. Nekusvika kukuru pasi rose, Invista inoramba ichitonga indasitiri yemachira.
| Chiyero | Tsananguro |
|---|---|
| Kuzivikanwa kweBrand | Chigadzirwa cheInvista cheLycra chinoreva machira emhando yepamusoro anotatamuka. |
| Kutarisisa Kutsvagurudza neKubudirira | Kambani iyi inosimbisa R&D, zvichikonzera mhinduro dzemhando yepamusoro dzespandex kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodiwa nevatengi. |
| Kuedza Kuchengetedza Nguva | Kushanda pamwe chete nemabhurandi emafashoni kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvespandex zvine hushamwari kune nharaunda zvinosimudzira kuvapo kwemusika. |
| Kusvika Pasi Pose | Invista inoramba iine mukana wekukwikwidzana muindasitiri yemachira nekuda kwekusvika kwayo pasi rose. |
Hyosung
Hyosung Corporation yasimbisa chinzvimbo chayo semutambi mukuru mumusika wemachira epolyester spandex. Tekinoroji yekambani yecreora® spandex inopa kusimba kwakanyanya uye kusimba, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo inofarirwa kushandiswa kubva kuzvipfeko zvemitambo kusvika kumachira ekurapa. Hyosung inodzora chikamu chikuru chemusika wemachira espandex akamanikana, pamwe chete neInvista neTaekwang Industrial Co., Ltd., pamwe chete vachibata chikamu chinodarika 60% chemusika. Zvivako zvayo zvekugadzira pasi rose muSouth Korea, China, Vietnam, neTurkey zvinoita kuti nguva yekuburitsa zvinhu ive shoma, zvichipa mukana wekukwikwidza.
- Tekinoroji yeHyosung's creora® spandex inoita kuti jira rirambe rakapfava uye richigara kwenguva refu.
- Kambani iyi ine mapatent emhando dzakasiyana dzespandex dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda, zvichitarisa kudiwa kwezvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu.
- Zvivako zvekugadzira pasi rose zvinoderedza nguva yekutungamira ne30–40% zvichienzaniswa nevanokwikwidza.
Maindasitiri eToray
Toray Industries inobudirira mukugadzira machira epolyester spandex anoshanda zvakanaka, ichishandisa hunyanzvi hwayo hwepamusoro hwetekinoroji. Kambani iyi inoshanda pamwe chete nemafekitori ekugadzira shinda nemadhipatimendi etekinoroji kuti ive nechokwadi chekudzora mhando zvakanyanya. Zvigadzirwa zvayo zvinosanganisira shinda dzinoshanda dzakagadzirirwa zvinodiwa nevatengi, dzakadai sekutambanudza uye kusapinda mvura. Kugona kwaToray kusanganisa shinda dzekugadzira nedzechisikigo mumachira akarukwa uye akarukwa kunowedzera kushanduka kwayo.
| Chiratidzo Chekushanda | Tsananguro |
|---|---|
| Kudzora Hunhu | Kudzora kwakasimba kwemhando kunovimbiswa nekushanda pamwe chete nemafekitori ekugadzira shinda nemadhipatimendi etekinoroji. |
| Zvipo zveChigadzirwa | Kugadzirwa kwemachira anoshanda zvakanyanya akavakirwa pashinda dzenylon nepolyester, kusanganisira shinda dzinoshanda. |
| Kugona Kwetekinoroji | Kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira nehunyanzvi hweToray Group pakugadzira zvinhu zvine makwikwi uye mutengo. |
Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
Nan Ya Plastics Corporation ine mukurumbira mumusika muAsia, ichinyanya kugadzira polyester fiber, firimu, uye resin. Hunyanzvi hwekambani mukugadzira machira epolyester spandex hwakaita kuti ive zita rinovimbwa muindasitiri iyi. Kutarisa kwayo pamhando yepamusoro uye hunyanzvi kunoita kuti irambe iri mutengesi anodiwa kune akasiyana mashandisirwo, kusanganisira majasi nehembe dzinoshanda.
| Zita reKambani | Kuvapo Kwemusika | Rudzi rweChigadzirwa |
|---|---|---|
| Nan Ya Plastics Corporation | Yakasimba muAsia | Polyester faibha, firimu, resin |
| Boka reMossi Ghisolfi | Yakasimba muEurope/America | Polyester resin, PET |
Zana Remakore Idzva Rekumabvazuva
Far Eastern New Century yazvigadzira senzira yekutanga mukugadzirwa kwemachira epolyester spandex anochengetedza nharaunda. Kambani iyi inobatanidza nzira dzinochengetedza nharaunda mumabasa ayo ekugadzira, zvichienderana nekudiwa kuri kukura kwemachira anochengetedza nharaunda. Maitiro ayo matsva ekugadzira matekinoroji emachira anovimbisa zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvinogutsa zvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemusika.
Filatex India
Filatex India yave zita rakakurumbira muindasitiri yemachira epolyester spandex. Kutarisa kwekambani pakugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye mhando kwakaita kuti ikwanise kugadzira machira anoenderana nezvinodiwa pasi rose. Rudzi rwayo rwakakura rwezvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakakodzera kupfeka zvipfeko zvinoshanda, majasi epamusoro, nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa.
Maindasitiri Ekuvimba
Reliance Industries ndeimwe yemakambani makuru anogadzira polyester fiber neshinda pasi rose, ine kugona kugadzira zvinhu zvinosvika mamiriyoni maviri nehafu emadhora pagore. Kugona uku kwakakura kunoratidza kuti ine simba guru mumusika wemachira epolyester spandex. Kuzvipira kwekambani kumhando yepamusoro uye hunyanzvi kunoita kuti irambe iri sarudzo yepamusoro kune vagadziri pasi rese.
- Reliance Industries inogadzira matani angangoita mamiriyoni maviri nehafu epolyester fiber pagore.
- Kugona kwayo kukuru kunoita kuti ive mutungamiri mumusika wemachira epolyester spandex.
Sanathan Textiles
Sanathan Textiles yakapa mipiro mikuru muchikamu chepolyester spandex kuburikidza nekushandisa kwayo nguva dzose kugona uye kuwedzera nzvimbo dzayo. Kambani iyi munguva pfupi yapfuura yakaisa mari muchivako chine maeka matanhatu kuti ipedzise kaviri kugona kwayo kugadzira polyester, zvichizadzisa kudiwa kuri kukura kwemuno. Polyester ndiyo inoita 77% yemari yayo, zvichiratidza kuvapo kwayo pamusika kwakasimba.
| Chiratidzo | Zvidimbu |
|---|---|
| Kuwedzera Kwenzvimbo | Kuisa mari muchivako chine maeka matanhatu kuti tiwedzere kugona kugadzira polyester kusvika pamatani 225,000. |
| Kushandiswa Kwesimba | Yakawana kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi ne95% mumakore matatu kusvika mashanu apfuura. |
| Mupiro Wemari Inowanikwa | Polyester ndiyo inobhadhara 77% yemari inowanikwa, zvichiratidza kuti pamusika panenge paine zvakawanda. |
Kayavlon Impex
Kayavlon Impex ine basa rakakosha muindasitiri yemachira epolyester spandex, ichipa zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuti zvigutse zvinodiwa pasi rose. Kutarisa kwekambani pamhando yepamusoro uye mutengo wayo kwakaita kuti ive mutengesi anodiwa nevagadziri pasi rese.
Polyester yeThai
Thai Polyester yawana mukurumbira nekuda kwemachira ayo emhando yepamusoro epolyester spandex. Kuzvipira kwekambani mukuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza kunoita kuti irambe ichikwikwidzana mumusika wepasi rose.
Zvinhu Zvikuru zveVagadziri Vemachira ePolyester Spandex Vanotungamira
Kuvandudzwa muTekinoroji yeMachira
Vagadziri vemachira epolyester spandex vanotungamira mukusimudzira tekinoroji kuti vasangane nekudiwa kuri kukura kwemachira anoshanda zvakanyanya. Kuvandudzwa mumabasa ekugadzira kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwekugadzira, zvichiita kuti nguva yekuchinja ikurumidze. Makambani ikozvino anobatanidza machira akangwara muzvinhu zvavanopa, achiunza zvinhu zvakaita sekutonga hunyoro uye kudzora tembiricha. Kuzvigadzira otomatiki, hungwaru hwekugadzira, uye Internet of Things (IoT) zvinowedzera kuwedzera kunaka kwechigadzirwa uku zvichideredza marara.
Kukura kwembatya dzinoshanda zvakanaka kwakakurudzirawo hunyanzvi hutsva. Vagadziri vanoshandisa nzira dzakadai sekuruka zvisina musono uye kupinza mhepo ne laser kuti vawedzere kushanda zvakanaka uye kunyaradzwa. Kufambira mberi uku kunovimbisa kuti machira haangogumiri pakusangana chete asi anopfuura zvinotarisirwa nevatengi kuti agare kwenguva refu uye agone kuchinjika.
Kuzvipira kuKugara Kuchienderera Mberi
Kugara kwenguva refu kuchiri chinhu chakakosha kune vagadziri vepamusoro. Nekuwedzera kuri kuita fiber mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura, makambani akatanga kushandisa nzira dzinochengetedza nharaunda kuti aderedze kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvitupa zvakaita seB Corp, Cradle2Cradle, uye Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) zvinoratidza kuzvipira kwavo mukugadzira zvinhu zvinochengetedza nharaunda.
Indasitiri yefashoni yepasi rose, iyo ine mutengo wemadhora zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu ($2.5 trillion) muna 2017, yakaona kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwembatya. Kuti izvi zviitike, vagadziri vanotarisa pakuderedza marara nekushandisa zvinhu zvakadzokororwa. Izvi zvinoenderana nekuwedzera kuri kuita kufarira kwevatengi zvigadzirwa zvine chekuita nezvakatipoteredza.
Sarudzo dzeZvigadzirwa uye Kugadzirisa
Vagadziri vepamusoro vanopa mhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa uye sarudzo dzekugadzirisa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana pamusika. Misanganiswa yepolyester yakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi, senge iyo yakasanganiswa nespandex, inowedzera mashandiro emachira nekuwedzera kutambanudza uye kunyaradza. Zvinhu zvinoshanda senge hunhu hwekubvisa hunyoro uye dziviriro yeUV zvinoita kuti machira aya akwane kune mamwe mashandisirwo, kusanganisira zvipfeko zvinoshanda uye zvipfeko zvegungwa.
| Zvinhu Zvikuru | Tsananguro |
|---|---|
| Hunhu Hwakasarudzika hweMachira | Polyester inosanganiswa nespandex kuti iwedzere kutambanudza uye kunyaradza. |
| Zvinhu Zvinoshanda | Sarudzo dzekugadzirisa dzinosanganisira machira anobvisa hunyoro uye anodzivirira UV. |
| Rudzi Rwakakura rweChigadzirwa | Zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira maT-shirts, maPoloshirts, uye maJacket ezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana. |
Kuvapo uye Kupararira kweMusika Wepasi Pose
Kusvika kwevagadziri vemachira epolyester spandex pasi rose kunoita kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo zviwanikwe munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Vagadziri vakuru vanoshandisa mhinduro dzemhando yepamusoro dzespandex uye vanoisa mari yakawanda mukutsvaga nekugadzira kuti zvibatsire mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana. Vatambi vari kusimukira vanotarisa pamitengo inokwikwidzana uye kudyidzana kwakarongeka kuti vapinde mumisika yemuno neyekunze.
| Rudzi rweMugadziri | Mazano Akakosha | Kutarisa Musika |
|---|---|---|
| Mugadziri Mukuru | Mhinduro dzeSpandex dzepamberi, kudyara mari muR&D | Mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana |
| Mutambi ari Kubuda | Mitengo inokwikwidzana, kudyidzana kwakarongeka | Misika yemuno neyekutengesera kunze kwenyika |
| Yakatarisana Nemhando Yezvinhu | Maitiro anogarika, mashandisirwo matsva | Misika yeNiche |
| Makambani Akasimbiswa | Kubudirira kwekugadzira, mhando yechigadzirwa | Zvinodiwa nevatengi zvakasiyana-siyana |
| Kutarisa Zvisina Kukuvara | Kugadzira zvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu, kudyara mari muR&D | Machira ekushanda zvakanaka |
Nekuchengetedza network yakasimba yekugovera pasi rose, vagadziri ava vanovimbisa kudzikira kwenguva yekutenga uye kuwanikwa kwechigadzirwa nguva dzose, zvichiwedzera kusimbisa kuvapo kwavo pamusika.
Tafura Yekuenzanisa yeVagadziri Vepamusoro Vemachira ePolyester Spandex
Hunhu uye Kugara Kwenguva refu
Vagadziri vepamusoro vanonyanya kukoshesa mhando uye kugara kwenguva refu kuti vasangane nezvinodiwa nevatengi pamachira anogara kwenguva refu. Misanganiswa yepolyester spandex, yakaita se90/10 kana 88/12 ratios, inopa chiyero chakanaka chekutambanudza nekugadzira zvipfeko zvakaita semabhurugwa mapfupi egorofu ezhizha. Misanganiswa iyi inoita kuti zvipfeko zvive nyore kugadzikana ukuwo zvichiramba zvakaita. Mahoodies akavakirwa papolyester anoratidza kusimba kwakanaka kwemakwinya nekudzika, achichengetedza mavara akajeka kunyangwe mushure mekusukwa kakawanda. Miedzo yekutambanudza nekudzoka inoratidza kuti machira espandex anotambanudza pakati pe20% ne40%, zvichiita kuti akwane zvipfeko zvinobata zvakasimba zvinoda kuchinjika uye kuchengetedza chimiro. Misanganiswa ine 80% polyester ne20% spandex inopa kutambanudza kwemativi mana, hunhu hwekuomesa nekukurumidza, uye kuchengetedza ruvara zvakanaka, zvichiwedzera kukwezva kwavo zvipfeko zvinoshanda uye zvipfeko zvemazuva ese.
Zvirongwa zveKuchengetedza Ruzivo
Kugara kwenguva refu kuchiri chinhu chakakosha kune vagadziri vanotungamira. Kuongororwa kweLifecycle Assessments (LCA) kunoongorora kukanganisa kwemachira munharaunda muhupenyu hwavo hwese, zvichiita kuti pave pachena mumabasa ekugadzira. Iyo Made-By Benchmark inoronga machira zvichienderana nekuburitswa kwemhepo inopisa uye kushandiswa kwemvura, zvichibatsira vagadziri kuona nzvimbo dzekuti vagadzirise. Iyo Higg Materials Sustainability Index inopa mamakisi akazara ekugara kwenguva refu, ichiongorora kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kubva pakugadzirwa kusvika kuzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira. Aya mametriki anoratidza kuzvipira kweindasitiri mukuderedza kukanganiswa kwayo nezvakatipoteredza uku ichisangana nekudiwa kuri kukura kwemachira asingakuvadzi nharaunda.
| Chiyero | Tsananguro |
|---|---|
| Kuongororwa Kwehupenyu Hwako (LCA) | Inoongorora kukanganisa kwechinhu kunokonzerwa nezvakatipoteredza muhupenyu hwacho hwese. |
| Chiratidzo Chakagadzirwa Nechiratidzo | Inoronga mafiber zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakaita semagasi anodziya pasi uye kushandiswa kwemvura. |
| Nhamba yeKugara Kwezvinhu zveHigg | Inopa chibodzwa chekuchengetedza nharaunda zvichibva pakukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kubva pakugadzirwa kusvika pakugadzirwa kwekupedzisira. |
Mitengo uye Kukwanisika Kwemari
Mafambiro emitengo mumusika wemachira epolyester spandex anoratidza kubatana kwemitengo yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa, maitiro ekugadzira, uye kudiwa kwemusika. Kuchinja-chinja kwemitengo yepolyester nedonje kunokanganisa zvakananga mitengo yemachira. Nzira dzekugadzira dzepamusoro dzinogona kuderedza mari inoshandiswa, zvichiita kuti machira ave nyore kutenga kune vatengi. Kuwedzera kwekudiwa kwembatya dzinogara kwenguva refu uye dzakanaka kunotungamirawo mafambiro emitengo, sezvo vagadziri vachiisa mari muzvinhu zvisingakuvadzi nharaunda uye magadzirirwo matsva.
- Mari Yekushandisa Zvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa: Mitengo yepolyester nedonje inokanganisa zvakanyanya kukwanisika kwemachira.
- Maitiro Ekugadzira: Nzira dzekugadzira dzinoshanda dzinoderedza mitengo uye dzinovandudza mukana wekusvikika.
- Kudiwa Kwemusika: Zvinodiwa nevatengi panyaya dzezvipfeko zvinogara kwenguva refu zvinopesvedzera nzira dzemitengo.
Rutsigiro rweVatengi uye Basa
Zviyero zvekugutsikana kwevatengi zvinoratidza kushanda kwebasa rinoitwa nevagadziri mushure mekutengeswa. CSAT inoyera mwero wekugutsikana zvichibva pamhinduro dzevatengi, ukuwo CES inoongorora nyore kwekudyidzana nemabasa ekutsigira. Chiyero cheSupport Performance Score chinosanganisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando yebasa, zvichipa ruzivo rwekushanda kwese. NPS inoyera kuvimbika kwevatengi nekuongorora mukana wekukurudzira. Zviyero izvi zvinosimbisa kukosha kwerutsigiro rwakasimba rwevatengi mukuchengetedza kuvimbika kwechiratidzo uye kukwikwidzana kwemusika.
| Chiyero | Tsananguro |
|---|---|
| CSAT | Inoyera kugutsikana kwevatengi zvichibva pane zvavakasangana nazvo mumabasa ekutsigira. |
| CES | Inoongorora nyore nyore kwekutaurirana kunoita vatengi nemabasa nezvigadzirwa zvebhizinesi. |
| Chibodzwa Chekutsigira Kushanda | Inoratidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugutsikana kwevatengi uye kunaka kwebasa. |
| NPS | Inoyera kuvimbika kwevatengi uye kugutsikana kwavo nekutarisa mukana wekuti mazano apiwe. |
Indasitiri yemachira epolyester spandex iri kuramba ichibudirira, ichitungamirwa nevagadziri vanotungamira vakaita saInvista, Hyosung, naToray Industries. Makambani aya anobudirira mukugadzira zvinhu zvitsva, kuchengetedza nguva, uye kuvapo kwemusika wepasi rose, zvichiumba remangwana remachira anoshanda zvakanaka.
- Ruzivo Rukuru rweIndasitiri:
- Kambani yeLycra ine 25% yemusika wepasi rose wespandex, ichishandisa LYCRA® fiber yekugadzira zvipfeko zvepamusoro.
- Hyosung Corporation ine 30% yesimba re spandex pasi rose, nekudyara mari inosvika mabhiriyoni $1.2 muVietnam.
- Huafon Chemical Co., Ltd. inogadzira matani anopfuura 150,000 espandex pagore, zvichiwedzera kukwikwidza kwayo pasi rose.
| Chikamu | Ruzivo |
|---|---|
| Vatyairi | Zvipfeko zvekushanda zvine mabhenefiti akadai sekufema zvakanaka, kuramba kupisa, uye kushanda kwe wicking. |
| Zvirambidzo | Mitengo yepamusoro yekugadzira uye mitengo isingachinji yezvinhu zvekugadzira zvinogona kukanganisa kukura kwemusika. |
| Mikana | Kuwedzera kuziva hutano uye mararamiro anoshanda zvinopa mikana yekukura. |
Kusarudza mugadziri akakodzera zvipfeko zvevakadzi kunoenderana nemaitiro, mwero wemhando yepamusoro, uye zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza nharaunda. Makambani anoshandisa nzira dzinochengetedza nharaunda uye magadzirirwo matsva achatungamira mumusika, achizadzisa kudiwa kuri kukura kwemachira akasimba uye anochinjika.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Chii chinoita kuti jira repolyester spandex rive rakakodzera kupfeka kwevakadzi?
Jira repolyester spandex rinopa kutwasuka kwakanaka, kugara kwenguva refu, uye nyaradzo. Hunhu hwaro hwakareruka uye kuramba makwinya kunoita kuti rive rakakwana pakupfeka zvipfeko zvinogara zvichishanda, zvipfeko zvemazuva ese, uye zvipfeko zvinokwana chimiro.
Vagadziri vanoita sei kuti machira agare kwenguva refu?
Vagadziri vanotungamira vanoshandisa nzira dzinochengetedza nharaunda, dzinosanganisira kudzokorodza polyester, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemvura, uye kushandisa simba rinogona kushandiswazve. Zvitupa zvakaita seGOTS neCradle2Cradle zvinoratidza kuzvipira kwavo kuchengetedza nharaunda.
Ndeapi maindasitiri anonyanya kubatsirwa nemachira epolyester spandex?
Maindasitiri ezvipfeko zvekushambira, zvemitambo, zvemachira ekurapa, uye ezvekushambira anovimba zvakanyanya nemachira epolyester spandex. Makambani aya anoda hunhu hwekuchinjika, kugara kwenguva refu, uye hunhu hwekunatsa hunyoro hwezvigadzirwa zvavo.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-06-2025