Uvavanyoilaphu ledayi ephezulungenxaukunamathela kombala welaphuiqinisekisa ukuqina kwayo nokusebenza kwayo. Imigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO inikezela ngezikhokelo ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya izixhobo ezifanailaphu le-rayon le-polyesterkwayeilaphu le-viscose eline-polyUkuqonda la mahluko kunceda amashishini akhethe iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuvavanyailaphu elixutyiweyo le-polyester rayonOku kuqinisekisa umgangatho ohambelanayo kuzo zonke izicelo, kuphucula ulwaneliseko lwabathengi.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Imigangatho ye-ASTM ichanekile kwaye isebenza kakuhle eMntla Melika. Iqinisekisa uvavanyo oluthembekileyo kwilaphu ledayi ephezulu.
- Imigangatho ye-ISO ijolise ekusetyenzisweni kwihlabathi liphela, ilungele urhwebo lwehlabathi kunye neemarike ezahlukeneyo.
- Ukulungiselela iisampuli zelaphu ngokuchanekileyoKubalulekile kwiziphumo ezilungileyo zovavanyo. Igcina ilaphu lizinzile kwaye inciphisa utshintsho.
Isishwankathelo seMigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO
Ukuchaza iMigangatho ye-ASTM
I-ASTM International, eyayisaziwa njenge-American Society for Testing and Materials, iphuhlisa imigangatho yokuvumelana ngokuzithandela kwizixhobo, iimveliso, iinkqubo kunye neenkonzo. Le migangatho iqinisekisa ukuhambelana nokuthembeka kwiindlela zovavanyo. Ndihlala ndifumana imigangatho ye-ASTM iluncedo kakhulu kwiukuvavanya iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhaliyempahla, kuquka nelaphu elinombala ophezulu. Izikhokelo zabo zaziwa kakhulu eMntla Melika kwaye zihlala zilungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomthetho zengingqi.
Ukuchaza iMigangatho ye-ISO
I-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) idala imigangatho eyamkelekileyo kwihlabathi liphela ekhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha. Imigangatho ye-ISO igxile ekuvumelaniseni iindlela zokusebenza kuzo zonke iifektri kunye nemimandla. Amaxwebhu asemthethweni achaza imigangatho ye-ISO anika ingcaciso malunga namagama kunye nokuthobela imithetho. Umzekelo:
- Ichaza amagama asisiseko, inceda abasebenzisi baqonde iinkcazo kunye nemigangatho.
- Igxininisa ukubaluleka kwamagama athile, njengokwahlula phakathi kwegama elithi “kuya kufuneka” (elinyanzelekileyo) nelithi “kufanele” (elicetyiswayo).
- Iqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngokucacisa iimfuno zokuphunyezwa kwayo.
Ezi nkcukacha zenza imigangatho ye-ISO ibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini asebenza kwiimarike zehlabathi.
Ukwamkelwa kunye nokubaluleka kwehlabathi
Ukwamkelwa kwemigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO kuyahluka ngokwengingqi kunye noshishino. Imigangatho ye-ASTM iphambili eMntla Melika, ngelixa imigangatho ye-ISO inokufikelela ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela. Le theyibhile ilandelayo igxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwimarike:
| Ummandla | Isabelo seMarike ngo-2037 | Abaqhubi Abaphambili |
|---|---|---|
| amantla Emelika | Ngaphezulu kwe-46.6% | Ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, uzinzo lwenkampani, izikhokelo ze-ESG |
| iYurophu | Iqhutywa zizikhokelo ezingqongqo zomthetho | Ukuthobela imiyalelo ye-EU, amanyathelo okugcina uzinzo |
| Khanada | Iqhutywa luqoqosho olujolise ekuthumeleni impahla kwamanye amazwe | Ukuthobela iimfuno zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, amanyathelo okhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza |
Olu lwazi lugxininisa ukubaluleka kokukhetha umgangatho ochanekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zejografi kunye nezeshishini elithile. Umzekelo, iinkampani ezivelisa ilaphu ledayi eliphambili lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kufunekahambelana nemigangatho ye-ISOukuhlangabezana neemfuno zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Iindlela zokuvavanya ilaphu elinombala ophezulu
Iinkqubo zoVavanyo lwe-ASTM
Xa kuvavanywailaphu ledayi ephezuluNdisebenzisa imigangatho ye-ASTM, ndixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zabo ezichazwe kakuhle ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuphindaphindwa. I-ASTM D5034, umzekelo, ichaza indlela yokuvavanya ukubamba ukuvavanya amandla elaphu. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukubopha isampuli yelaphu nokusebenzisa amandla ide iqhekeke. Ukuze umbala ungatshibiliki, i-ASTM D2054 inika isakhelo esineenkcukacha zokuvavanya ukumelana nokufiphala phantsi kokukhanya. Ezi mvavanyo zenziwa phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo ukunciphisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zangaphandle.
Imigangatho ye-ASTM igxininisa ukuchaneka. Ifuna ukulinganiswa kwezixhobo ezithile kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, indawo yokuvavanya kufuneka igcine amanqanaba obushushu kunye nokufuma ahambelanayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo azichatshazelwa zizinto zangaphandle. Ndifumana ezi zikhokelo ziluncedo ngakumbi xa ndisebenza nge-polyester rayon okanye amalaphu e-poly viscose, njengoko zinceda ukugcina ukuhambelana kuzo zonke iibhetshi.
Iinkqubo zoVavanyo lwe-ISO
Imigangatho ye-ISO yokuvavanya ilaphu ledayi eliphezulu igxile ekuhambelaniseni nasekusebenzisekeni kwehlabathi. I-ISO 105 B02 kunye ne-EN ISO 105-B04 ziimbekiselo eziphambili zokuvavanyaukungaguquguquki kombalaLe migangatho ichaza iindlela zokuveza iisampulu zelaphu kwimithombo yokukhanya eyenziweyo, ukulinganisa iimeko zehlabathi lokwenyani. Ngokulandela le migaqo, ndinokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithembekileyo nezihambelanayo.
Imigangatho ye-ISO ikwagxininisa ukubaluleka kokulinganiswa kwezixhobo kunye neenkqubo ezimiselweyo. Ukulinganiswa rhoqo kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwiziphumo zovavanyo. Le ndlela ayiqinisekisi nje kuphela ukuchaneka kodwa ikwakha ukuthembana kwindawo yokuthengisa. Abavelisi abalandela imigangatho ye-ISO bafumana ithuba lokukhuphisana ngokubonisa ukuzinikela kwabo kumgangatho.
- I-ISO 105 B02 kunye ne-EN ISO 105-B04 zichaza iindlela zokuvavanya ukungaguquguquki kombala kwimpahla.
- Iiprotokholi ezisemgangathweni kunye nokulinganiswa kwezixhobo rhoqo kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kweziphumo.
- Ukulandela le migangatho kuphucula ukuthembeka kunye nokuthenjwa kwemarike.
Umahluko oPhambili kwiindlela zoVavanyo
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweendlela zovavanyo lwe-ASTM kunye ne-ISO usekwe kugxininiso lwazo kunye nobubanzi bazo. Imigangatho ye-ASTM idla ngokuba yeyommandla, ilungele amashishini aseMntla Melika. Ibeka phambili ukuchaneka kwaye yenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomthetho zasekuhlaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigangatho ye-ISO ijolise ekuhambelanisweni kwehlabathi. Ibonelela ngesakhelo esibanzi esiququzelela urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Omnye umahluko linqanaba leenkcukacha kwiimeko zokulungiselela iisampulu kunye novavanyo. Izikhokelo ze-ASTM zichaneke kakhulu, zihlala zifuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kulawulo lokusingqongileyo. Imigangatho ye-ISO, nangona ikwangqongqo, inika ukuguquguquka okungakumbi ukwamkela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Oku kwenza imigangatho ye-ISO ifaneleke ngakumbi kubavelisi abajolise kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngokwamava am, ukhetho phakathi kwemigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO luxhomekeke kwisicelo esicetywayo kunye nemarike ekujoliswe kuyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwasekhaya, imigangatho ye-ASTM ibonelela ngesakhelo esithembekileyo. Kwimisebenzi yehlabathi, imigangatho ye-ISO inika ukuhambelana okufunekayo ukuhlangabezana nolindelo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukulungiselela iSampuli kunye nokuLungiselela
Izikhokelo ze-ASTM zokulungiselela iSampuli
Xa ndilungiselela iisampuli zovavanyo phantsi kwemigangatho ye-ASTM, ndilandela izikhokelo ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana. I-ASTM igxininisa ukubaluleka kokusika iisampuli zelaphu ngokuchanekileyo. Iisampuli mazingabi naziphene, ezifana nemingxunya okanye amabala, anokuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo. Kwilaphu ledayi ephezulu, ndiqinisekisa ukuba isampuli imele yonke ibhetshi ngokuphepha amacandelo akufutshane nemiphetho okanye iziphelo zomqulu. I-ASTM ikwachaza ubukhulu beesampuli zovavanyo, ezahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yovavanyo. Umzekelo, uvavanyo lwamandla okutsalwa lufuna iisampuli eziziingxande zobukhulu obuthile. Le miyalelo ineenkcukacha inceda ukugcina ukufana kuzo zonke iimvavanyo.
Izikhokelo ze-ISO zokulungiselela iSampuli
Imigangatho ye-ISO ibonelela ngezikhokelo eziqinileyo kodwa ezihambelanayo kwihlabathi liphela zokulungiselela isampuli. Ndibeka iisampulu zokulungisa ubuncinane iiyure ezine ngaphambi kovavanyo, ndilandela i-ISO 139. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ilaphu liyazinza phantsi kweemeko zomoya eziqhelekileyo. Ndibeka ilaphu lithe tyaba ngaphandle koxinzelelo ngaphambi kokulisika, ndiqinisekisa ubungakanani be-500mm nge-500mm. Ukuze ndiphephe ukungangqinelani, andikaze ndisike iisampulu ngaphakathi kwemitha e-1 ukusuka esiphelweni somqulu okanye i-150mm ukusuka emaphethelweni elaphu. Ezi ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuba isampuli imele ngokuchanekileyo umgangatho welaphu ngokubanzi. Indawo yovavanyo kufuneka igcine ubushushu be-20±2 °C kunye nokufuma okuthelekisekayo kwe-65 ± 4%. Ezi meko zinciphisa ukuguquguquka kweziphumo.
Iimfuneko zoLungiso: ASTM vs. ISO
Iimfuneko zokulungisa imigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO zahlukile kancinci kwindlela yazo. I-ASTM igxile ekugcineni ulawulo oluqinileyo lokusingqongileyo ngexesha lovavanyo. Ndiqinisekisa ukuba ubushushu kunye nokufuma kwelebhu kuhambelana neemfuno zendlela ethile yovavanyo. Kwelinye icala, i-ISO igxininisa ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwelaphu ngaphambi kovavanyo. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba izinto zifikelela kumlinganiselo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Nangona zombini ezi migangatho zijolise ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka, inkqubo yokulungisa kwangaphambili ye-ISO inika ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwizicelo zehlabathi. Ngokwamava am, olu mahluko luba lubalulekileyo xa kuvavanywa ilaphu ledayi ephezulu kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukusebenza Kuwo Wonke Amashishini
Amashishini Asebenzisa Imigangatho ye-ASTM
Imigangatho ye-ASTM idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini abeka phambili ukuchaneka kunye neemfuno ezithile zommandla. Ngokwamava am,amacandelo eempahla zelaphu kunye nemvelisobathembele kakhulu kule migangatho ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho. Umzekelo, izikhokelo ze-ASTM zinceda ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo kulo lonke uthotho lwexabiso lempahla, ziphucula ukujikeleza kunye nokuxhasa uphuhliso lwemarike. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiimveliso ezifana nempahla kunye nefenitshala yasekhaya, apho imigangatho eyahlukileyo ijongana neempawu ezizodwa.
Ngaphaya kwempahla yelaphu, imigangatho ye-ASTM ibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini afana nepetroleum, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokuvelisa. La macandelo axhamla kwiiprotokholi ezineenkcukacha ezenzelwe iimfuno zawo ezithile. Umzekelo:
- I-Petroleum: Imigangatho yokuveliswa nokucocwa kweoyile negesi.
- Ulwakhiwo: Izikhokelo zezixhobo zokwakha kunye neendlela zokusebenza.
- Ukuvelisa: Iinkqubo zeenkqubo zemveliso kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho.
Ukugxila ekuthobeleni imithetho kuqhuba ukukhula kumashishini agxile kubathengi, apho ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho kubaluleke kakhulu. Ndiyibonile indlela imigangatho ye-ASTM ebonelela ngayo ukuthembeka okufunekayo ukuhlangabezana nezi mfuno.
Amashishini Asebenzisa Imigangatho ye-ISO
Imigangatho ye-ISO ilungele amashishini asebenza kwiimarike zehlabathi. Ugxininiso lwabo ekuhambelanisweni luqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwimida. Ndifumanise ukuba imigangatho ye-ISO ixabiseke kakhulu kumacandelo afuna ukugqitywa komphezulu okusemgangathweni ophezulu, njengokucoca ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo. I-ISO 15730, umzekelo, ibeka umlinganiselo wehlabathi wale nkqubo, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza.
Amashishini agxile kubathengi nawo ayazuza ekusebenzeni kwe-ISO kwihlabathi liphela. Imarike yoVavanyo, ukuHlola, kunye neSatifikethi (i-TIC) ikhule kakhulu ngenxa yemfuno yokuqinisekiswa komgangatho. Ngokulandela imigangatho ye-ISO, iinkampani zibonisa ukuzinikela kwazo ekugqweseni, zifumana ithuba lokukhuphisana kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.
Izicelo zeSithili kunye nezeHlabathi
Ukukhetha phakathi kwemigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO kudla ngokuxhomekeka kwiimfuno zejografi kunye nezeprojekthi. Imigangatho ye-ASTM iyalawula kwimarike yaseMelika, inikezela ngezikhokelo ezineenkcukacha nezingqalileyo zommandla. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigangatho ye-ISO iyaqatshelwa kwihlabathi liphela, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele iiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, ngelixa imigangatho ye-ASTM igqwesa ekujongeni iimfuno zomthetho zasekuhlaleni, imigangatho ye-ISO ibonelela ngokuhambelana okufunekayo kwimisebenzi engaphaya kwemida.
Lo mahluko ubonakala kumashishini afana nempahla yokunxiba. Iinkampani ezivelisa ilaphu ledayi eliphezulu lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe zihlala zihambelana nemigangatho ye-ISO ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwelinye icala, abo balungiselela iimarike zasekhaya banokukhetha imigangatho ye-ASTM ngenxa yokuchaneka kwayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kummandla.
Iikhrayitheriya zoVavanyo lwe-Colourfastness
Imigangatho yoVavanyo lwe-ASTM
Imigangatho ye-ASTM ibonelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokwenzaukuvavanya ukungaguquguquki kombalaNdithembele kwi-ASTM D2054 kunye ne-ASTM D5035 ukuze ndivavanye ukumelana kwelaphu ledayi ephezulu ekuphelelweni nasekugugeni. Le migangatho isebenzisa iinkqubo zokulinganisa amanani ukulinganisa ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Umzekelo, i-ASTM D2054 ivavanya ukuba umbala awugugi xa ikhanyiswe, ngelixa i-ASTM D5035 igxile kumandla okuxinana kunye nokuqina. Uvavanyo ngalunye lulandela imigaqo engqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana.
Inkqubo yokubeka amanqaku kwimigangatho ye-ASTM idla ngokuqala ku-1 ukuya ku-5, apho u-1 ebonisa ukusebenza kakubi kwaye u-5 umele ukumelana okuhle kakhulu. Ndiyifumana le nkqubo ilula kwaye isebenza kakuhle xa kuthelekiswa umgangatho welaphu. Umzekelo, ilaphu elinomgangatho we-4 okanye ngaphezulu libonisa ukumelana okunamandla nokunyamalala, nto leyo eyenza ukuba lifaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo. Imigangatho ye-ASTM ikwagxininisa ukuphindaphindwa, ifuna iimvavanyo ezininzi ukuqinisekisa iziphumo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka xa kuvavanywa amalaphu afana nemixube ye-polyester rayon.
Imigangatho yoVavanyo lwe-ISO
Imigangatho ye-ISO ithatha indlela yehlabathi yokuvavanya ukungaguquguquki kombala. Ndisoloko ndisebenzisa i-ISO 105-B02 kunye ne-ISO 105-C06 ukuvavanya ilaphu ledayi ephezulu. Le migangatho ivavanya ukumelana nokukhanya kunye nokuhlanjwa, ngokulandelelana. Inkqubo yokubeka amanqaku ye-ISO ikwasebenzisa ukulinganiswa kwamanani, kodwa ibandakanya iikhrayitheriya ezongezelelweyo ukuze kujongwe iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Oku kwenza imigangatho ye-ISO ibe luncedo ngakumbi kwilaphu ezenzelwe iimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.
Isikali sokulinganisa se-ISO siqala ku-1 ukuya ku-8 sokuqina kokukhanya kunye no-1 ukuya ku-5 sokuqina kokuhlamba. Amanani aphezulu abonisa ukusebenza okungcono. Umzekelo, ilaphu elinomgangatho wokuqina kokukhanya ongama-6 nangaphezulu lithathwa njengelihlala ixesha elide xa lichatshazelwa lilanga ixesha elide. Imigangatho ye-ISO ikwacebisa iisampulu zokulungisa kwangaphambili ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Eli nyathelo linciphisa ukuguquguquka kwaye liphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yovavanyo.
Ngokomzekelo, itheyibhile engezantsi ishwankathela idatha yokulinganisa amanani yokuvavanya ukuqina kokuhlamba kwilaphu ledayi ephezulu:
| Inqanaba leNkqubo | Uvavanyo oluphantsi lokuKhawuleza ukuHlamba | Uvavanyo Olusebenzayo Kwezorhwebo |
|---|---|---|
| Isigaba sokuQala | 3 | 4 okanye ngaphezulu |
| Isigaba sesibini | 3 ukuya ku-4 | 4 okanye ngaphezulu |
| I-avareji ecetyiswayo | 4.9 okanye ngaphezulu | N / A |
Le datha igxininisaukubaluleka kokufumana amanqaku aphezuluukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yorhwebo.
Ukuthelekiswa kweeNkqubo zokuHlela
Iinkqubo zokubeka amanqaku kwimigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO zahlukile ngokobubanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa. I-ASTM isebenzisa isikali esilula, igxile kwimilinganiselo ethile yokusebenza efana nokuqina okanye amandla okutsalwa. Oku kuyenza ifaneleke kwiimarike zasekhaya apho ukuchaneka kubalulekile. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigangatho ye-ISO inikezela ngesakhelo esibanzi ngakumbi, esivumela umahluko wehlabathi kwiimeko zendalo kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa.
Umahluko omnye ophawulekayo ukwizinga lamanani. Isikali se-ASTM esisuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-5 sinika uvavanyo olucacileyo, ngelixa isikali se-ISO sahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuvavanyo. Umzekelo, i-ISO 105-B02 isebenzisa isikali esisuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-8 sokuqina, nto leyo enika ubuncinci obukhulu. Oku kuvumela uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha ezingaphezulu, endilufumana luluncedo xa ndivavanya amalaphu kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe.
Zombini iinkqubo zijolise ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho welaphu, kodwa iindlela zazo zibonisa iimarike ezijonge kuzo. Imigangatho ye-ASTM ibeka phambili ukuchaneka nokuphindaphindwa, okwenza ukuba zifaneleke kumashishini aseMntla Melika. Imigangatho ye-ISO igxininisa ukuhambelana kunye nokuguquguquka, ihambelana neemarike zehlabathi. Ukukhetha inkqubo efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zeprojekthi kunye nabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.
Imigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO yahlukile kwiindlela zovavanyo, ukulungiselela iisampulu, kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo. I-ASTM ibeka phambili ukuchaneka, ngelixa i-ISO igxile ekuhambelanisweni kwehlabathi. Umzekelo:
| Umbono | I-ISO 105 E01 | I-AATCC 107 |
|---|---|---|
| Ukulungiswa kweSampuli | Ifuna ukulungiswa kwesimo somzimba ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24 | Ifuna ukulungiswa kwesimo somzimba ubuncinane iiyure ezi-4 |
| Indlela yoVavanyo | Uvavanyo lokuntywiliselwa emanzini | Uvavanyo lokutshiza ngamanzi |
| Indlela yoVavanyo | Isebenzisa i-grayscale ukuvavanya utshintsho lombala | Isebenzisa isikali sokutshintsha kombala ukuvavanya |
Ukukhetha umgangatho ofanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuqina kunye nomgangatho ophezulu welaphu ledayi, kuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zoshishino kunye nezendawo.
FAQ
Yintoni umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO?
Imigangatho ye-ASTM igxile kwiimfuno ezichanekileyo nezengingqi, ngelixa imigangatho ye-ISO igxininisa ukuhambelana kwehlabathi. Ndicebisa i-ASTM kwiimarike zasekhaya kunye ne-ISO kwizicelo zamazwe ngamazwe.
Kutheni i-conditioning yesampulu ibalulekile kuvavanyo lwelaphu?
Ukulungiswa kwesampulu kuqinisekisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo ngokuqinisa iimpawu zelaphu phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo. Eli nyathelo linciphisa ukuguquguquka, ingakumbi xa kuvavanywa amalaphu edayi aphezulu ukuze aqiniseke ukuba ahlala ixesha elide.
Ndingakhetha njani phakathi kwemigangatho ye-ASTM kunye ne-ISO yeprojekthi yam?
Cinga ngemarike ojolise kuyo. Kwimizi-mveliso yaseMntla Melika, ndicebisa imigangatho ye-ASTM. Kwimisebenzi yehlabathi, imigangatho ye-ISO ibonelela ngokuhambelana okufunekayo ukuze kuthotyelwe imithetho yehlabathi.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-19-2025