Ngophuhliso olukhulu lweefayibha zeekhemikhali, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeefayibha. Ukongeza kwiifayibha eziqhelekileyo, iintlobo ezininzi ezintsha ezifana neefayibha ezikhethekileyo, iifayibha ezidityanisiweyo, kunye neefayibha eziguquliweyo ziye zavela kwiifayibha zeekhemikhali. Ukuze kube lula ukulawula imveliso kunye nohlalutyo lwemveliso, kufuneka ukuchonga ngokwesayensi iifayibha zelaphu.
Ukuchongwa kwefayibha kuquka ukuchongwa kweempawu zemo kunye nokuchongwa kweempawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali. Ukujongwa kwe-microscopic kudla ngokusetyenziswa ukuchonga iimpawu zemo.
Zininzi iindlela zokuchonga iimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali, ezinje ngendlela yokutshisa, indlela yokunyibilikisa, indlela yokufaka umbala we-reagent, indlela ye-melting point, indlela ethile yobunzima, indlela ye-birefringence, indlela ye-X-ray diffraction kunye nendlela ye-infrared absorption spectroscopy, njl.
1. Indlela yokujonga ngemicroscope
Ukusebenzisa imakroskopu ukujonga imo yeefayibha ezinde nezinqamlezileyo yindlela esisiseko yokuchonga iifayibha ezahlukeneyo zelaphu, kwaye idla ngokusetyenziswa ukuchonga iindidi zeefayibha. Iifayibha zemvelo nganye inemilo ekhethekileyo enokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo phantsi kwemakroskopu. Umzekelo, iifayibha zekotoni zithe tyaba kwicala elide, zinokujika kwendalo, icala elijikelezileyo esinqeni, kunye nomngxuma ophakathi. Uboya bugobile ngobude, bunamaxolo phezu komphezulu, kwaye bujikelezile okanye buyi-oval kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo. Ezinye iifayibha zine-pith embindini. I-jute inamaqhina athe tye kunye nemigca ethe nkqo kwicala elide, icala elinqamlezileyo liyi-polygonal, kwaye umngxuma ophakathi mkhulu.
2. Indlela yokutsha
Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuchonga imicu yendalo. Ngenxa yokwahluka kwimilo yeekhemikhali yemicu, iimpawu zokutsha nazo zahlukile. Imicu yeseli kunye nemicu yeproteni inokwahlulwa ngokwendlela elula yokutshisa imicu, nokuba yi-thermoplastic, ivumba eliveliswayo ngexesha lokutsha, kunye neempawu zothuthu emva kokutsha.
Iifayibha ze-cellulose ezifana nomqhaphu, i-hemp, kunye ne-viscose zitsha ngokukhawuleza xa zidibana nelangatye, kwaye ziyaqhubeka zitsha emva kokuphuma kwilangatye, kunye nevumba lephepha elivuthayo, ishiya inani elincinci lothuthu oluthambileyo olungwevu emva kokutsha; iifayibha zeproteni ezifana noboya kunye nesilika zitsha kancinci xa zidibana nelangatye, kwaye zishiya ilangatye Emva koko, yaqhubeka itsha kancinci, kunye nevumba leentsiba ezivuthayo, ishiya uthuthu olumnyama oluqhekekileyo emva kokutsha.
| uhlobo lwefayibha | kufutshane nelangatye | emalangatyeni | shiya ilangatye | ivumba elivuthayo | Ifomu yentsalela |
| Ifayibha yeTencel | Akukho kunyibilika kwaye akukho kuncipha | tsha ngokukhawuleza | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elitshisiweyo | uthuthu olumnyama ongwevu |
I-modal fiber | Akukho kunyibilika kwaye akukho kuncipha | tsha ngokukhawuleza | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elitshisiweyo | uthuthu olumnyama ongwevu |
| ifayibha yoqalo | Akukho kunyibilika kwaye akukho kuncipha | tsha ngokukhawuleza | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elitshisiweyo | uthuthu olumnyama ongwevu |
| Ifayibha yeViscose | Akukho kunyibilika kwaye akukho kuncipha | tsha ngokukhawuleza | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elitshisiweyo | inani elincinci lothuthu olumhlophe qhwa |
| ifayibha yepolyester | nciphisa ukunyibilika | Kuqala unyibilike uze utshise, kukho amanzi aphumayo kwisisombululo | ingandisa ixesha lokutsha | ivumba elikhethekileyo | Ibhola eqinileyo emdaka ngeglasi |
3. Indlela yokunyibilikisa
Iifayibha zahlulwe ngokwendlela ezinyibilika ngayo iifayibha ezahlukeneyo zelaphu kwiikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. I-solvent enye idla ngokunyibilikisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeefayibha, ngoko ke xa kusetyenziswa indlela yokunyibilikisa ukuchonga iifayibha, kuyimfuneko ukwenza uvavanyo oluhlukeneyo lokunyibilikisa i-solvent ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lweefayibha ezichongiweyo. Indlela yokunyibilikisa Xa kuchonga izinto ezixutyiweyo zeemveliso ezixutyiweyo, i-solvent enye ingasetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa iifayibha zecandelo elinye, kwaye emva koko esinye i-solvent singasetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa iifayibha zecandelo elinye. Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa nokuhlalutya ukwakheka kunye nomxholo weefayibha ezahlukeneyo kwiimveliso ezixutyiweyo. Xa uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu be-solvent zahlukile, ukunyibilikisa kwefayibha kwahlukile.
Ifayibha eza kuchongwa ingafakwa kwityhubhu yovavanyo, ifakwe isinyibilikisi esithile, ivuselelwe ngentonga yeglasi, kwaye ukunyibilika kwefayibha kungabonwa. Ukuba ubungakanani beefayibha buncinci kakhulu, isampuli ingafakwa nakwislayidi yeglasi engqukuva enomphezulu ongqukuva, ithontsizwe ngesinyibilikisi, igqunywe ngesilayidi yeglasi, kwaye ijongwe ngqo phantsi kwemicroscope. Xa usebenzisa indlela yokunyibilikisa ukuchonga iifayibha, uxinzelelo lwesinyibilikisi kunye nobushushu bokufudumala kufuneka kulawulwe ngokungqongqo, kwaye kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo kwisantya sokunyibilikisa kweefayibha. Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokunyibilikisa kufuna ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo iipropati ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali zefayibha, kwaye iinkqubo zokuhlola ziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuchonga iifayibha zelaphu. Ngokwenyani, indlela enye ayinakusetyenziswa, kodwa kufuneka iindlela ezininzi zohlalutyo olupheleleyo kunye nophando. Inkqubo yokuchonga iifayibha ngokucwangcisiweyo kukudibanisa ngokwesayensi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchonga.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-06-2022