Eyona nto ingcono 1

Ilaphu lePolyester spandex liguqule impahla yabasetyhini bale mihla ngokunika intuthuzelo engenakuthelekiswa nanto, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokuqina. Icandelo labasetyhini libalelwa esona sabelo sikhulu semarike, siqhutywa kukukhula kokuthandwa kwezemidlalo kunye nempahla esebenzayo, kubandakanya iileggings kunye neebhulukhwe zeyoga. Izinto ezintsha ezifanaIlaphu lembambokwayeScuba Suedeukwandisa ukuguquguquka, ngelixa iinketho ezizinzileyo ezifanaI-DARLON FABRICjongana neemfuno zabathengi bendalo. Abavelisi belaphu le-polyester spandex behlabathi bahlangabezana nezi mfuno ngobuchwepheshe belaphu obuphuhlileyo kunye nothungelwano olomeleleyo lokuhambisa.

Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha

  • Ilaphu lePolyester spandex limnandi kakhulu kwaye liyolula, lifanelekile kwimpahla yezemidlalo kunye nempahla eqhelekileyo.
  • Abavelisi abaphezulu bagxile ekubeni yi-eco-friendly ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziluhlaza kunye neteknoloji entsha ukukholisa abathengi.
  • Ukukhetha oyena menzi ubalaseleyo kuthetha ukujonga umgangatho, ukuqina, kunye nemizamo eco-friendly kumalaphu awomeleleyo nawolukileyo.

Abavelisi belaphu abali-10 abaPhezulu bePolyester Spandex ngo-2025

Abavelisi belaphu abali-10 abaPhezulu bePolyester Spandex ngo-2025

Invista

I-Invista igqame njengenkokeli yehlabathi jikelele ekwenzeni ilaphu le-polyester spandex, elaziwa ngokuba yi-Lycra brand. Olu phawu luye lwafana namalaphu e-premium anolulekayo, elungiselela usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo olunje ngempahla esebenzayo, i-lingerie, kunye ne-overcoats. Ugxininiso olomeleleyo lwenkampani kuphando kunye nophuhliso lukhokelele kwizisombululo ezintsha zespandex ezihlangabezana neemfuno eziguqukayo zabathengi. Iinzame zokuzinza ze-Invista, kubandakanya intsebenziswano neemveliso zefashoni ukwenza iimveliso ze-spandex eco-friendly, ziphucula ngakumbi ubukho bayo bentengiso. Ngokufikelela ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele, i-Invista iyaqhubeka nokulawula ishishini lamalaphu.

Metric Inkcazo
Uqwalaselo Brand Ibhrendi ye-Invista ye-Lycra iyafana namalaphu akumgangatho ophezulu anokululeka.
UPhando kunye nokuGqalisela kuPhuhliso Inkampani igxininisa i-R&D, ekhokelela kwizisombululo zespandex ezitsha kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zabathengi.
Iinzame zozinzo Ukusebenzisana neemveliso zefashoni ukwenza iimveliso zespandex ezilungele indalo ziphucula ubukho bemarike.
Ukufikeleleka kwihlabathi I-Invista igcina umda okhuphisanayo kwishishini lelaphu ngenxa yokufikelela ngokubanzi kwihlabathi.

Hyosung

I-Hyosung Corporation iye yaqinisa isikhundla sayo njengomdlali ophambili kwimarike yelaphu le-polyester spandex. Itekhnoloji yenkampani ye-creora® ye-spandex ibonelela nge-elasticity ephezulu kunye nokuqina, iyenza ibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwizicelo ukusuka kwimpahla yezemidlalo ukuya kwimpahla yezonyango. I-Hyosung ilawula inxalenye ebalulekileyo yemalike ye-spandex emxinwa, ecaleni kwe-Invista kunye ne-Taekwang Industrial Co., Ltd., ngokudibeneyo ebambe ngaphezulu kwe-60% yesabelo semarike. Amaziko ayo emveliso yehlabathi eSouth Korea, eChina, eVietnam, naseTurkey aqinisekisa amaxesha okukhokela ancitshisiweyo, abonelela ngenzuzo yokukhuphisana.

  • Itekhnoloji ye-creora® ye-spandex ye-Hyosung inikezela ngokunwebeka okungaqhelekanga kunye nokuqina.
  • Inkampani iphethe amalungelo awodwa omehluko kwi-eco-friendly spandex, ijongana nemfuno yezinto ezizinzileyo.
  • Izibonelelo zemveliso yehlabathi zinciphisa amaxesha okukhokela nge-30-40% xa kuthelekiswa nabakhuphisana nabo.

Toray Industries

I-Toray Industries iyagqwesa ekuveliseni amalaphu e-polyester spandex akumgangatho ophezulu, esebenzisa ubuchule bayo obuphambili bobuchwepheshe. Inkampani isebenzisana nezityalo ezilungisa umsonto kunye namasebe eteknoloji ukuqinisekisa ulawulo olungqongqo lomgangatho. Imveliso yayo yemveliso ibandakanya imisonto esebenzayo elungiselelwe ukucaciswa kwabathengi, njengokwelula kunye neempawu zokungangeni manzi. Ukukwazi kweToray ukudibanisa iintsinga zokwenziwa kunye nezendalo kwilaphu elilukiweyo nelinithiweyo kwandisa ngakumbi ukuguquguquka kwayo.

Isalathisi sokuSebenza Inkcazo
Ulawulo lwemeko Ulawulo lomgangatho olucokisekileyo luqinisekiswa ngentsebenziswano nezityalo ezilungisa umsonto kunye namasebe ezobuchwepheshe.
Ukunikezelwa kweMveliso Ukuphuhliswa kweempahla eziphezulu zokusebenza ezisekelwe kwi-nylon kunye ne-polyester fibers, kubandakanywa neentambo ezisebenzayo.
UbuKhono boBugcisa Ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso yeQela leToray kunye nobuchule bobuchwepheshe bomgangatho wokhuphiswano kunye neendleko.

Nan Ya Plastics Corporation

I-Nan Ya Plastics Corporation ibambe ubukho obuqinileyo bentengiso e-Asia, igxile kwifiber yepolyester, ifilimu, kunye nokuveliswa kweresin. Ubuchwephesha benkampani kwimveliso ye-polyester spandex yenze ukuba ibe ligama elithembekileyo kushishino. Ugxininiso lwayo kumgangatho kunye nokutsha luqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ingumthengisi okhethiweyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa i-overcoats kunye nempahla esebenzayo.

Igama leKhampani Ubukho beMarike Uhlobo lweMveliso
Nan Ya Plastics Corporation Yomelele eAsia I-polyester fiber, ifilimu, i-resin
Iqela leMossi Ghisolfi Inamandla eYurophu / eMelika I-polyester resin, i-PET

INkulungwane eNtsha yaseMpuma

IFar Eastern New Century izimise njengovulindlela kwimveliso yelaphu le-polyester spandex ezinzileyo. Inkampani idibanisa izenzo ezisebenzisekayo eco-friendly kwiinkqubo zayo zokuvelisa, ihambelana nemfuno ekhulayo yamalaphu azinzileyo. Indlela yayo yokuqalisa iteknoloji yelaphu iqinisekisa iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zemarike.

Filatex eIndiya

IFilatex India iye yavela njengegama elibalaseleyo kwishishini lelaphu le-polyester spandex. Ugqaliselo lwenkampani kubuchule obutsha kunye nomgangatho kwenze ukuba ivelise amalaphu ahlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. Uluhlu lwayo olubanzi lweemveliso lubandakanya izinto ezifanelekileyo zokunxiba ezisebenzayo, ii-overcoats, kunye nezinye izicelo.

I-Reliance Industries

I-Reliance Industries yenye yezona zinto zivelisa i-polyester fiber kunye nemisonto kwihlabathi jikelele, inomthamo wemveliso ngonyaka malunga ne-2.5 yezigidi zeetoni. Obu buchule bubanzi bugxininisa ukongamela kwayo kwimarike yelaphu le-polyester spandex. Ukuzibophelela kwenkampani kumgangatho kunye nezinto ezintsha kuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ilolona khetho luphezulu kubavelisi kwihlabathi liphela.

  • IReliance Industries ivelisa malunga ne-2.5 yezigidi zeetoni zepolyester fiber ngonyaka.
  • Izakhono zayo ezibanzi ziyenza ibe yinkokeli kwimarike yelaphu le-polyester spandex.

I-Sanathan Textiles

I-Sanathan Textiles yenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwicandelo le-polyester spandex ngokusetyenziswa kwayo okungaguqukiyo kunye nokwandiswa kwendawo. Inkampani isandula ukutyala imali kwiziko leehektare ezi-6 ukuphinda kabini umthamo wemveliso yepolyester, ihlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yasekhaya. I-Polyester yenza i-77% yengeniso yayo, igxininisa ubukho bayo obuqinileyo bemarike.

Isalathisi Iinkcukacha
Ukwandiswa kweZiko Utyalo-mali kwiziko leehektare ezi-6 ukuphinda kabini umthamo wemveliso yepolyester ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-225,000.
Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule Kuphunyezwe ukusetyenziswa komthamo wama-95% kule minyaka mi-3-5 idlulileyo.
Umnikelo weNgeniso I-Polyester yenza i-77% yengeniso, ebonisa ubukho bemarike ebalulekileyo.

Kayavlon Impex

I-Kayavlon Impex idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwishishini lelaphu le-polyester spandex, linikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yehlabathi. Ugqaliselo lwenkampani kumgangatho kunye nokufikeleleka kwenze ukuba ibe ngumthengisi okhethwayo kubavelisi kwihlabathi liphela.

Ipolyester yaseThai

I-Thai Polyester ifumene ukuqondwa ngamalaphu ayo e-polyester spandex aphezulu. Ukuzinikela kwenkampani ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha kunye nokuzinza kuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ingumdlali okhuphisanayo kwimarike yehlabathi.

Iimpawu eziphambili zePolyester Spandex Fabric Manufacturers

Utshintsho kwiTekhnoloji yeFabric

Abavelisi belaphu eliphambili lepolyester spandex babeka phambili ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yamalaphu asebenza kakhulu. Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa kuphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, okwenza amaxesha okutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Iinkampani ngoku zidibanisa amalaphu ahlakaniphileyo kwiminikelo yazo, zizisa iimpawu ezinjengolawulo lokufuma kunye nolawulo lobushushu. Ukuzenzekela, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kunye ne-Intanethi yeZinto (i-IoT) ziphucula ngakumbi umgangatho wemveliso ngelixa unciphisa inkunkuma.

Ukunyuka kweempahla ezijoliswe ekusebenzeni nako kuye kwaqhuba izinto ezintsha. Abavelisi basebenzisa ubuchule obufana nokunitha okungenamthungo kunye ne-laser-cut ventilation ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuthuthuzela. Ezi nkqubela ziqinisekisa ukuba amalaphu awahlangani nje kuphela kodwa agqithise ulindelo lwabathengi lokuqina kunye nokuguquguquka.

Ukuzibophelela kuZinzo

Uzinzo luhlala lusisiseko kubavelisi abaphezulu. Ngemveliso yefayibha ephindaphindeka kabini kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, iinkampani ziye zamkela iindlela zokusebenzisa i-eco-friendly ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Izatifikethi ezifana ne-B Corp, iCradle2Cradle, kunye neGlobal Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) ziqinisekisa ukuzinikela kwabo kwimveliso ezinzileyo.

Ishishini lefashoni yehlabathi, elixabisa i-2.5 yeetriliyoni zeedola ngo-2017, libone ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwempahla. Ukujongana noku, abavelisi bagxile ekunciphiseni inkunkuma kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ezi nzame zihambelana nokukhethwa kwabathengi abakhulayo kwiimveliso ezinoxanduva lokusingqongileyo.

Uluhlu lweeMveliso kunye neeKhetho zokuLungisa

Abavelisi abaphezulu banikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kunye neenketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso ukukhawulelana neemfuno zeemarike ezahlukeneyo. Imixube yepolyester ekhethekileyo, efana nale idityaniswe ne-spandex, iphucula ukusebenza kwelaphu ngokubonelela ukolula kunye nokuthuthuzela. Iimpawu ezisebenzayo ezifana neempawu zokuvala ukufuma kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-UV kwenza la malaphu afaneleke kwizicelo ezithile, kubandakanya iimpahla ezisebenzayo kunye nempahla yaselwandle.

Ezona mpawu Inkcazo
Umgangatho Welaphu elikhethekileyo I-polyester idibanisa kunye ne-spandex ukwenzela ukolula kunye nokuthuthuzela.
Iimpawu eziSebenzayo Iinketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso ziquka i-wicking-wicking kunye ne-UV yokukhusela amalaphu.
Uluhlu olubanzi lweeMveliso Iimveliso ziquka iiT-shirts, iiPoloshirts, kunye neebhatyi zezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo.

Ubukho beMarike yeHlabathi kunye noSasazo

Ukufikelela kwihlabathi jikelele abavelisi belaphu le-polyester spandex baqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zabo ziyafikeleleka kwimimandla emininzi. Abavelisi abakhulu basebenzisa izisombululo eziphambili zespandex kwaye batyala imali eninzi kuphando kunye nophuhliso ukuze bahlangabezane nezicelo ezahlukeneyo. Abadlali abasakhasayo bagxile kumaxabiso akhuphisanayo kunye nobuhlakani bobuchule bokungena kwiimarike zasekhaya kunye nezokuthengisa ngaphandle.

Uhlobo lomenzi IziCwangciso eziPhambili Ugxininiso lweMarike
UMvelisi oMkhulu Izisombululo ze-spandex eziphucukileyo, utyalo-mali lwe-R&D Usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo
Umdlali osakhulayo Amaxabiso akhuphisanayo, ubuhlakani obucwangcisiweyo Iimarike zasekhaya nezithunyelwa ngaphandle
Kugxilwe kuMgangatho Izenzo ezizinzileyo, izicelo ezitsha Iimarike zeNiche
Iifemu ezisekiweyo Ukusebenza kwemveliso, umgangatho wemveliso Iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zabathengi
I-Eco-Friendly Focus Imveliso ezinzileyo, utyalo-mali lwe-R&D Amalaphu okusebenza

Ngokugcina uthungelwano losasazo lwehlabathi olomeleleyo, aba bavelisi baqinisekisa ukuncitshiswa kwamaxesha okukhokela kunye nokufumaneka okungaguqukiyo kwemveliso, beqinisa ngakumbi ubukho babo bentengiso.

Uthelekiso lweTheyibhile yePolyester iSpandex Fabric Manufacturers

Eyona nto ingcono 3

Umgangatho kunye nokuqina

Abavelisi abaphezulu babeka phambili umgangatho kunye nokuqina ukuhlangabezana nokulindela kwabathengi kwiilaphu ezihlala ixesha elide. I-polyester spandex blends, efana ne-90/10 okanye i-88/12 ratios, inika ibhalansi efanelekileyo yokwelula kunye nokwakheka kweengubo ezinjengeebhulukhwe zegalufa zasehlotyeni. Ezi zixube ziqinisekisa induduzo ekhaphukhaphu ngelixa ugcina imilo. Iihoodies ezisekwe kwiPolyester zibonisa ukushwabana okugqwesileyo kunye nokumelana nokushwabana, zigcina imibala eqaqambileyo nasemva kokuhlanjwa izihlandlo ezininzi. Iimvavanyo zokolula kunye nokubuyisela zityhila ukuba amalaphu e-spandex alula phakathi kwe-20% kunye ne-40%, okwenza ukuba afaneleke kwiingubo eziqinileyo ezifuna ukuguquguquka kunye nokugcinwa kwemilo. Ukudibanisa kunye ne-80% ye-polyester kunye ne-20% ye-spandex inikezela ngeendlela ezine zokolula, iipropati zokomisa ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokugcinwa kombala ophezulu, ngakumbi ukunyusa isibheno sabo sempahla esebenzayo kunye nempahla eqhelekileyo.

Amanyathelo oZinzo

Uzinzo luhlala lugxininiso olubalulekileyo kubenzi abaphambili. Uvavanyo lwe-Lifecycle Assessments (LCA) luvavanya impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yamalaphu kuwo wonke umjikelo wabo wobomi, iqinisekisa ukungafihli kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa. I-Made-by Benchmark ibeka iifibers ezisekelwe kwi-greenhouse gas emissions kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ukunceda abavelisi ukuba bachonge iindawo zokuphucula. I-Index ye-Higg Materials Sustainability Index ibonelela ngamanqaku ozinzo olubanzi, ukuvavanya impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwimveliso yokugqibela. Ezi metrics ziqaqambisa ukuzibophelela kweshishini ekunciphiseni indawo yalo yendalo ngelixa lihlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yamalaphu alungele ukuphilisana kwendalo.

Metric Inkcazo
IiMvavanyo zoBomi (LCA) Ivavanya iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kwimveliso kumjikelo wobomi bayo bonke.
Yenziwe ngeBenchmark Irenki imicu ngokusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezifana nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi.
I-Higg Materials Sustainability Index Ibonelela ngenqaku lozinzo olusekwe kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwimveliso yokugqibela.

Amaxabiso kunye nokufikeleleka

Iindlela zamaxabiso kwimakethi yelaphu lepolyester spandex zibonakalisa ukusebenzisana kweendleko zemathiriyeli ekrwada, iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwemveliso, kunye nemfuno yentengiso. Ukuguquguquka kwexabiso le-polyester kunye nekotoni kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zelaphu. Iindlela zokuvelisa eziphucukileyo zinokunciphisa iindleko, zenze amalaphu afikeleleke ngakumbi kubathengi. Ukunyuka kwemfuno yempahla ezinzileyo kunye nekhululekileyo ikwaqhuba intsingiselo yamaxabiso, njengoko abavelisi betyala imali kwimathiriyeli eco-friendly kunye noyilo oluyilayo.

  1. Iindleko zeMathiriyeli ekrwada: Amaxabiso epolyester kunye nomqhaphu anempembelelo enkulu ekufikelelekeni kwelaphu.
  2. Iinkqubo Zokuvelisa: Iindlela zokuvelisa ezisebenzayo zinciphisa iindleko kunye nokuphucula ukufikeleleka.
  3. Imfuno yeMarike: Izinto ezikhethwa ngabathengi ngempahla ezinzileyo zinempembelelo kwiindlela zokubeka amaxabiso.

Inkxaso yoMthengi kunye neNkonzo

Iimetrics zokwaneliseka kwabathengi zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkonzo zasemva kokuthengisa ezinikezelwa ngabavelisi. I-CSAT ilinganisa amanqanaba okwaneliseka ngokusekelwe kwingxelo yabathengi, ngelixa i-CES ivavanya ukukhululeka kokunxibelelana neenkonzo zenkxaso. INkxaso yokuSebenza kweNqanaba idibanisa imiba eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho wenkonzo, inika ingqiqo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi. I-NPS ilinganisa ukunyaniseka kwabathengi ngokuvavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kwezindululo. Ezi metrics zigxininisa ukubaluleka kwenkxaso eyomeleleyo yabathengi ekugcineni ukuthembeka kwebrendi kunye nokhuphiswano lwentengiso.

Metric Inkcazo
CSAT Ilinganisa ukwaneliseka kwabathengi ngokusekelwe kumava abo ngeenkonzo zenkxaso.
CES Ivavanya ukukhululeka konxibelelwano abathengi kunye neenkonzo zeshishini kunye neemveliso.
INkxaso yokuSebenza kweNqaku Ibonakalisa imiba eyahlukeneyo yokwaneliseka kwabathengi kunye nomgangatho wenkonzo.
NPS Ukulinganisa ukunyaniseka kwabathengi kunye nokwaneliseka ngokuvavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kweengcebiso.

Ishishini lelaphu le-polyester spandex liyaqhubeka likhula, liqhutywa ngabavelisi abahamba phambili njenge-Invista, iHyosung, kunye neToray Industries. Ezi nkampani zigqwesa ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha, uzinzo, kunye nobukho bemarike yehlabathi, zibumba ikamva leengubo ezilukiweyo ezisebenza ngokuphezulu.

  • Iimbono zoShishino eziphambili:
    • INkampani yeLycra ibambe i-25% yesabelo semarike ye-spandex yehlabathi, ifumana i-LYCRA® fiber kwimpahla yeprimiyamu.
    • I-Hyosung Corporation iyalela i-30% yomthamo we-spandex yehlabathi, kunye notyalo-mali lwe-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola eVietnam.
    • I-Huafon Chemical Co., Ltd. ivelisa ngaphezulu kwe-150,000 yeetoni ze-spandex ngonyaka, iphucula ukhuphiswano lwayo lwehlabathi.
Udidi Ukuqonda
Abaqhubi I-Activewear inika izibonelelo ezinjengokuphefumla, ukuxhathisa ubushushu, kunye nomsebenzi wokugoba.
Izithintelo Iindleko eziphezulu zokuyila kunye namaxabiso ezinto eziluhlaza angazinzanga anokuthintela ukukhula kwemarike.
Amathuba Ukunyuka kokuqonda impilo kunye neendlela zokuphila ezisebenzayo zibonelela ngamathuba okukhula.

Ukukhetha umenzi ofanelekileyo wokunxiba kwabasetyhini kuxhomekeke kwimigangatho yokusebenza, imigangatho yomgangatho, kunye namanyathelo ozinzo. Iinkampani ezamkela iindlela zokusebenzisa i-eco-friendly kunye noyilo oluyintshayo ziya kukhokelela kwintengiso, zikhawulelane nemfuno ekhulayo yamalaphu ahlala ehleli kwaye abhetyebhetye.

FAQ

Yintoni eyenza ilaphu le-polyester spandex lilungele ukunxitywa kwabasetyhini?

Ilaphu lePolyester spandex libonelela ngokugqibeleleyo ukolula, ukuqina, kunye nokuthuthuzela. Ubume bayo obukhaphukhaphu kunye nokumelana nemibimbi kuyenza ilungele iimpahla ezisebenzayo, iimpahla zesiqhelo, kunye nempahla yokunxiba.

Ingaba abavelisi baqinisekisa njani ukuzinza kwelaphu?

Abavelisi abahamba phambili bamkela iindlela zokusebenzisa i-eco-friendly, kuquka ukurisayikilishwa kwepolyester, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, kunye nokusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo. Iziqinisekiso ezifana neGOTS kunye neCradle2Cradle ziqinisekisa ukuzinikela kwazo kuzinzo.

Ngawaphi amashishini azuza kakhulu kumalaphu e-polyester spandex?

Impahla esebenzayo, i-athleisure, ilaphu zonyango, kunye nemizi-mveliso yempahla yokuqubha ixhomekeke kakhulu kumalaphu e-polyester spandex. La macandelo afuna ukuguquguquka, ukuqina, kunye neempawu zokumisa ukufuma kwiimveliso zabo.


Ixesha lokuposa: May-06-2025