Ndibona ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango elilwa neentsholongwane lithintela ukukhula kweentsholongwane, liphucula ucoceko kunye nokhuseleko.ilaphu lobuchwephesha lokunxiba kwezonyangoIlwa ngamandla neentsholongwane, ikhusela abasebenzi kunye nezigulane. Iindawo ezingcolisiweyo zidibene ne-20-40% yee-HAI.Ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango elithengiswayo ngokushushu, njengeilaphu lokunxiba i-scrub yezonyangookanyeIlaphu le-rayon le-polyester elilukiweyo elithambileyo lokukhuhla, inceda ngokwenene. Ndingakwaziyenza ngokwezifiso ilaphu leyunifomu yesibhedleleiimfuno.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Ilwa neentsholongwaneilaphu leyunifomu yezonyangoiyathintela ukukhula kweentsholongwane. Oku kwenza izibhedlele zikhuseleke ngakumbi kwizigulana nakubasebenzi.
- Le laphu ikhethekileyo inceda ekunciphiseni usulelo. Ikwagcina abasebenzi bezempilo bekhululekile kwaye behlaziyekile ngexesha leeshifti ezinde.
- Ukukhetha ilaphu elilwa neentsholongwane konga imali ngokuhamba kwexesha.ihlala ixesha elidekwaye ayifuni kuhlanjwa kakhulu, nto leyo ilungele okusingqongileyo.
Umngeni Oqhubekayo: Kutheni Ilaphu Leyunifomu Yezonyango Yesintu Lingaphumeleli
Ukuqonda Ukwanda Kweentsholongwane Kwiindawo Zokhathalelo Lwempilo
Ndiyazi ukuba iindawo zokhathalelo lwempilo ziindawo zokuzalela iintsholongwane. Iintsholongwane zihlala zijikeleza.Amalaphu emvelizihlala ziba ngabathwali. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba iintsholongwane ezininzi ziyachuma kwezi zinto. Umzekelo, abaphandi bafumanise ukubaI-Staphylococcus aureuskwiingxube zepolyester/cotton kunye neengubo ezimhlophe. BakwachongeI-Klebsiella pneumoniaekwayeI-Acinetobacter baumanniikwiingubo zabasebenzi bezempilo. Ezinye izinto ezixhaphakileyo ziqukaI-Escherichia coli, I-Pseudomonas aeruginosakunye nezinye izinto ezahlukeneyoIintlobo ze-EnterobacterEzi ntsholongwane ziyasinda kwilaphu lasesibhedlele, nto leyo ebangela umngcipheko oqhubekayo.
Imida yeZixhobo eziFanayo eziQhelekileyo ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka kweBhaktheriya
Izixhobo ezifanayo eziqhelekileyo, njengekotoni okanye imixube ye-polyester esisiseko, ayinazo iipropati zokulwa ne-antimicrobial. Zifunxa ulwelo kwaye zibambe iintsholongwane. Oku kudala indawo efanelekileyo yokuba iintsholongwane zande. Ezi laphu azilwi ngokukhutheleyo nokukhula kweentsholongwane. Endaweni yoko, zinokusebenza njengeendawo zokugcina, zibambe iintsholongwane nokuba emva kokutshintsha. Olu hlobo lokungakhathali luzenza zingasebenzi ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka kweentsholongwane.
Impembelelo yeLaphu leYunifomu yezonyango elingcolileyo kwiMpilo
Ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango elingcolisiweyo lichaphazela ngqo impilo. Ndibona unxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi kwezi laphu kunye nosulelo olunxulumene nezempilo (ii-HAI). Uphando lwango-2017 lubonise ukuba iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba ukunxiba ii-scrubs ekhaya kubeka emngciphekweni ukosuleleka kwabanye. Kukwabeka emngciphekweni ukosuleleka kwabaguli ukuba abasebenzi banxiba ii-scrubs besuka ekhaya besiya esibhedlele. Uphononongo lwaseConnecticut lufumanise ukuba i-MRSA idluliselwa kwiimpahla zabasebenzi kwi-70% yamatyala, nokuba ayidibananga ngqo. Oku kubonisa ingozi yokungcoliseka. Ilaphu linokuba nezigidi zeebhaktheriya, ezivelaI-Salmonella to intsholongwane ye-hepatitis B. Ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga, njengokushukumisa iilinen ezingcolileyo, kukhulula ezi ntsholongwane. Oku kubeka abasebenzi esichengeni sokudibana ngqo okanye amasuntswana ahamba emoyeni. Kufuneka sijongane nale ngozi.
Ukutyhila iSayensi Engasemva Kwelaphu Leyunifomu Yezonyango Elichasene Neentsholongwane
Yintoni Echaza Ubuchwepheshe Belaphu Elichasene Neentsholongwane?
Ndichaza iteknoloji yelaphu elilwa neentsholongwane njengendlela entsha. Idibanisa iiarhente ezithile ngqo kwimicu yelaphu. Ezi arhente zithintela iintsholongwane ukuba zingakhuli kwaye zingaphindaphindeki kumphezulu welaphu. Oku kudala imeko-bume enobungozi kwiintsholongwane. Idlula nje ekuhlambeni iintsholongwane; izithintela ekukhuleni kwasekuqaleni.
Indlela Iimpawu Zokulwa Neentsholongwane Ezilwa Ngayo Neentsholongwane
Ndibona ezi mpawu zokulwa neentsholongwane zilwa neentsholongwane ngeendlela ezikrelekrele.
- Indlela Esekelwe Kwi-Citric Acid (Ionic + Botanical):Le teknoloji isebenzisa ifomula ekhethekileyo esekelwe kwi-citric. Itshintsha inqanaba le-pH kumphezulu welaphu. I-citric acid, izithako ze-Ionic+, kunye ne-oxygen zisebenza kunye. Ziyayimisa ukukhula kweebhaktheriya kwaye ziphazamise ukwahlukana kweeseli zazo.
- Indlela yokukhupha ii-Ion zesilivere (i-Ionic + Mineral):Le teknoloji ikhupha ii-ion zesilivere kwilaphu xa limanzi. Ezi i-ion zesilivere emva koko zinciphisa ii-ion ezitshajwe kakubi. Oku kunceda ukuthintela nokususa iintsholongwane kumphezulu wemveliso. Zombini ezi ndlela zinciphisa umthwalo weebhaktheriya ngempumelelo.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezahlulahlulayo kwiFabric yeYunifomu yezonyango eqhelekileyo
Ndifumana umahluko obalulekileyo. Ilaphu eliqhelekileyo leyunifomu yezonyango aliniki khuselo lwangempela kwiintsholongwane. Linokuba yindawo yokuzalela. Nangona kunjalo, ilaphu elilwa neentsholongwane lilwa ngokukhutheleyo. Ligcina ucoceko imini yonke. Le ndlela yokuzilolonga iyayihlukanisa. Inika umqobo oqhubekayo nxamnye nongcoliseko lweentsholongwane, ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo.
Ukuphakamisa ukhuseleko lwesigulane ngendwangu yeyunifomu yezonyango elwa neentsholongwane
Ukunciphisa iiNtsholongwane eziNxulumene nezeMpilo (ii-HAI)
Ndiyazi ukuba ukunciphisa izifo ezinxulunyaniswa nezempilo (ii-HAI) kubaluleke kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na imeko yezonyango.ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyangoIdlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni le njongo. Le laphu ikhethekileyo ithintela ukukhula kweebhaktheriya kumphezulu wayo. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba iiyunifomu zibe ziivektha zosulelo. Ndibone uvavanyo lweklinikhi lubonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezi zinto. Umzekelo, uphando olukwicandelo lokutsha luthelekise amalaphu alwa neentsholongwane agqunywe yi-ZnO (amashiti ebhedi, iilokhwe zezigulane, izigqubuthelo zemiqamelo, kunye nezigqubuthelo zebhedi) nelinen eqhelekileyo, engeyiyo i-antimicrobial. Ilaphu elilwa neentsholongwane lihlala ligcina inqanaba lokungcola eliphantsi. Likwabonise iimpawu ze-microbiological ezingcono kwizigulana nakwilinen yebhedi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusebenzisa amalaphu alwa neentsholongwane kunokunciphisa umthombo obalulekileyo wezifo ezibangelwa yi-nosocomial, kubandakanya i-MDR-Acinetobacter baumannii enzima ukuyisusa. Oku kunceda ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni amazinga osulelo kunye nokufa kwiindawo ezitshayo. Ekugqibeleni kuphucula ukhuseleko lwezigulane.
Ukunciphisa iingozi zokungcoliswa kwezinto ezinqamlezileyo
Ndiyayiqonda ingozi eqhubekayo yokungcoliswa kwezifo kwiinkonzo zempilo. Iintsholongwane zinokudluliselwa ngokulula ukusuka kwiindawo ezisetyenziswayo ukuya kubasebenzi, emva koko ziye kwizigulana. Ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango elilwa neentsholongwane lisebenza njengomqobo obalulekileyo kolu luhlu. Ngokubulala okanye ukuthintela iintsholongwane kwiyunifomu ngokwayo, ndiyawunciphisa umngcipheko wokudlulisela ezi ntsholongwane. Izifundo zibonise ukuncipha okukhulu kongcoliseko lweentsholongwane kwiamalaphu okulwa neentsholongwanexa kuthelekiswa nempahla yokunxiba eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, uphando olwenziwe nguBoyce, et al. (2018) lubike ukwehla ngama-92 ekhulwini kongcoliseko lweebhaktheriya kumakhethini obumfihlo be-antimicrobial. Oku kubonisa amandla amakhulu empahla yokunxiba e-antimicrobial ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokudluliselwa kwe-pathogen kwiindawo zonyango. Oku kunceda ngokuthe ngqo ekuphuculeni iindlela zokulinganisa ukhuseleko lwezigulane. Ndikholelwa ukuba le ndlela yokuzikhusela ithintela iintsholongwane ukuba zingasasazeki ukusuka kwesinye isigulane ukuya kwesinye, okanye ukusuka kwindawo esingqongileyo ukuya kumntu osengozini.
Ukudala Indawo Ekhuselekileyo Yokuphilisa
Ndizama ukudala indawo ekhuselekileyo yokuphilisa kwisigulane ngasinye. Ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango elilwa neentsholongwane linegalelo elikhulu kule njongo. Xa iingcali zonyango zinxiba iyunifomu elwa nokukhula kweentsholongwane, oko kukhuthaza umoya ococekileyo nococekileyo. Izigulana ziziva zikhuselekile ngakumbi kuba zisazi ukuba abanakekeli bazo banxiba iimpahla zokukhusela, ezingangeni kwiintsholongwane. Olu luvo luphuculweyo lokhuseleko lunokunciphisa ixhala lesigulana. Lukwakhuthaza iziphumo ezingcono zokuchacha. Ndibona oku njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo ekwakheni ukuthembana nokuzithemba kwinkqubo yezempilo. Kuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into eyenzeka kwisigulana, ukuya kuthi ga kwiyunifomu yomnakekeli, ixhasa impilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.
Ukuphucula uKhuseleko kunye neNtlalo-ntle yabasebenzi ngeLaphu le-Advanced Medical Uniform
Ukukhusela iingcali zezempilo kwiintsholongwane
Ndiyayiqonda indlela iingcali zonyango ezihlala zichatshazelwa ngayo. Zisebenza kwiindawo ezizaliswe ziintsholongwane.Ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango eliphucukileyoInika umaleko obalulekileyo wokuzikhusela. Le laphu ikhethekileyo ithintela ukukhula kweebhaktheriya. Idala umqobo kwiintsholongwane eziyingozi. Ndikholelwa ukuba olu khuselo lubalulekile. Lunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba abasebenzi bafumane usulelo kwizigulana okanye kwiindawo ezingcolisiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi bezempilo bancinci iintsuku zokugula. Kukwathetha ukuba banokugxila ngakumbi kukhathalelo lwezigulane. Iimpawu zelaphu zinceda ukuba bahlale bekhuselekile ngalo lonke ixesha lokutshintsha.
Ukukhuthaza Indawo Yokusebenza Esempilweni
Ndibona unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwelaphu elisemgangathweni kunye nendawo yokusebenza enempilo. Xa iyunifomu ilwa neentsholongwane, umthwalo weentsholongwane ngokubanzi kwiziko uyancipha. Oku kukhokelela kwimeko-bume ecocekileyo. Abasebenzi baziva bekhuselekile ngakumbi. Bayazi ukuba iimpahla zabo zinegalelo kwindawo ekhuselekileyo. Oku kunciphisa ukudluliselwa kweentsholongwane kunceda wonke umntu. Kudala indawo yokusebenza emnandi necocekileyo. Ndifumanisa ukuba oku negalelo kwinkcubeko yomsebenzi elungileyo. Kubonisa ukuzinikela kwimpilo-ntle yabasebenzi.
Ukukhulisa Ukuzithemba Ngokuphucula Ucoceko
Ndiyazi ukuba ukuzithemba kubalulekile kwiingcali zezempilo.ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango yokulwa neentsholongwaneikhulisa kakhulu olu kuzithemba. Abasebenzi baziva behlaziyekile kwaye becocekile ngexesha labo elide. Abakhathazeki ngokuba neevumba okanye iintsholongwane. Olu coceko luphuculweyo lunika uxolo lwengqondo. Banokunxibelelana nezigulana kunye nabo basebenza nabo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka. Ndikholelwa ukuba olu luvo lokucoceka nokukhuselwa lubanika amandla. Lubavumela ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. Olu phuculo lokuziphatha ekugqibeleni lunceda ukhathalelo lwezigulane.
Ucoceko Oluphezulu kunye neNtlalontle yeLaphu leYunifomu yezonyango elichasene neentsholongwane
Ukugcina Ubutsha Kuyo Yonke Imisebenzi Emide
Ndiyazi ukuba utshintsho olude kwinkonzo yezempilo lufuna lukhulu kwiingcali.ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango yokulwa neentsholongwaneinceda ukugcina ubutsha. Isebenza ngokukhutheleyo ukugcina ilaphu licocekile. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi bezempilo bazive bekhululekile ngakumbi. Banokugxila kwimisebenzi yabo ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kokuziva bengasekho. Ndikholelwa ukuba obu butsha buhlala buyinzuzo ebalulekileyo. Buxhasa impilo-ntle ngexesha leeyure ezinzima.
Ukususa iintsholongwane ezibangela ivumba elibi
Ndiyaqonda ukuba ivumba linokuba yingxaki kwiindawo zonyango. Ilaphu lam lijongana ngqo nale ngxaki. Lisusa iintsholongwane ezibangela ivumba. Umzekelo, iteknoloji ye-AEGIS Vesta® inciphisa iipesenti ezingama-99.9 zeentsholongwane ezibangela ivumba. Oku kusebenza ixesha elide ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezingama-50. Iilaphu ezineteknoloji ye-NaCuX® zisusa ngaphezulu kwe-99.9% yeentsholongwane eziqhelekileyo, kuquka i-E. coli kunye ne-S. aureus. Oku kwenzeka kwiiyure ezimbalwa emva kokudibana. Le teknoloji ikwajolise kwiintsholongwane ezichuma kwiilaphu ezimanzi. Ndiyifumana ibalulekile ekugcineni imeko-bume entle.
Indima Yokolula Iindlela Ezine Kwintuthuzelo
Ndibeka phambili intuthuzelo kwiingcali zezempilo. Ilaphu lam liqukaukolulwa kwendlela ezine. Olu phawu luvumela intshukumo engenamida. Iingcali zinokugoba, zifikelele, kwaye zishukume ngokulula. Oku kuguquguquka kunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye nokudinwa. Ndikholelwa ukuba le nduduzo ibalulekile kwiintshukumo ezinde. Inceda abasebenzi ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo ngokufanelekileyo. Ilaphu lihamba nabo, hayi ngokuchasene nabo.
Iingenelo Ezisebenzayo Zokutyala Imali Kwilaphu Leyunifomu Yezonyango Elilwa Neentsholongwane
Ukuqina kunye nobude bexesha lelaphu
Ndifumanisa ukuba ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokulwa iintsholongwane ezikumgangatho ophezuluilaphu leyunifomu yezonyangoInika iingenelo ezibalulekileyo ezisebenzayo. Ilaphu lam, elidityaniswe ne-95% Polyester kunye ne-5% Spandex, linobunzima obuqinileyo be-200GSM. Olu lwakhiwo luqinisekisa ukuqina okumangalisayo. Lumelana nobunzima bemihla ngemihla bemeko yezempilo enzima. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiyunifomu zigcina ukuthembeka kwazo kunye neempawu zokukhusela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ndikholelwa ukuba obu bude bexesha buguqulela ekubeni kuncinci ukutshintshwa. Libonelela ngesisombululo esithembekileyo kwizibonelelo zonyango ezixakekileyo.
Ukulula koNyango nokuHlamba
Ndiyaqonda ukuba iindawo zonyango zifuna ukulungiswa okusebenzayo nokuthe ngqo. Ilaphu lam elilwa neentsholongwane libalasele ngononophelo olulula. Linomgangatho ochasene nemibimbi. Oku kugcina iingcali zibukeka zibukhali kuzo zonke iishifti zazo. Kukwaphelisa nesidingo sokuyila rhoqo. Iimpawu zelaphu zihlala zisebenza nasemva kokuhlamba kaninzi. Oku kuqinisekisa ucoceko oluqhubekayo ngaphandle kwemigaqo yokucoca enzima. Ndifumana olu lula luluncedo olukhulu kubasebenzi abaxakekileyo kunye neenkonzo zokuhlamba impahla.
Ukuthobela iMigangatho neMimiselo yezeMpilo
Ndiyazi ukuba ukuthobela imigangatho yezempilo akunakuxoxiswana ngayo. Ilaphu lam leyunifomu yezonyango elilwa neentsholongwane linceda amaziko ukuba ahlangabezane nemigaqo ebalulekileyo. Libonelela ngokhuselo olongezelelekileyo. Oku kuhambelana nemigaqo engqongqo yokulawula usulelo kunye nokhuseleko. Ndifumanise ukuba eli laphu linceda amaziko ukuba ahambelane nemigangatho kunye nemigaqo ebalulekileyo yezempilo:
| Umgangatho/Umgaqo | Ububanzi/Injongo |
|---|---|
| I-ISO 20743 | Ilinganisa umsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane kwimpahla, iqinisekisa ukwehla okukhulu kwenani leentsholongwane ukuze kulawulwe usulelo. |
| I-ISO 16603/16604 | Uvavanya ukumelana nelaphu kwiintsholongwane ezisasazeka egazini, evavanya iipropati zokuthintela ukungena kwegazi elenziweyo kunye neentsholongwane, nto leyo ebalulekileyo kwiingubo zotyando. |
| I-ASTM F1670/F1671 | Ivavanya ukumelana nolwelo kunye nokungena kwentsholongwane phantsi koxinzelelo, okubalulekileyo kwi-PPE yotyando efana neengubo, iiglavu, kunye neemaski zobuso. |
| EN 13795 | Umgangatho waseYurophu weengubo zotyando kunye neengubo zokugquma, ezigubungela iipropati zokuthintela, ukugquma, kunye nococeko lweentsholongwane. |
| I-ASTM F2101 | Ilinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhluza iintsholongwane (BFE), ifuna ubuncinci i-98% ukunciphisa ukuvezwa ziintsholongwane emoyeni. |
| Ulawulo lweeMveliso zeBiocidal ze-EPA, FDA, EU (BPR) | Imibutho elawulayo ehlola ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle konyango lwe-antimicrobial kwilaphu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunye nokuthintela imiba efana ne-cytotoxicity. |
Ixabiso Lexesha Elide Lelaphu Leyunifomu Yezonyango Elichasene Neentsholongwane
Ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko ngexesha elide lobomi
Ndiyayiqonda ukubaluleka kwexabiso lexesha elide kutyalo-mali lwezempilo. Ilaphu lam elilwa neentsholongwane libonelela ngexabiso elifanelekileyo. Ulwakhiwo lwalo oluqinileyo, umxube we-95% Polyester kunye ne-5% Spandex enobunzima be-200GSM, luqinisekisa ukuqina okumangalisayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiyunifomu ziyamelana nokuguguleka kwemihla ngemihla. Ziyamelana nokuwohloka ngenxa yokuhlanjwa rhoqo. Ndifumanisa okuubomi obudekunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo isidingo sokutshintshwa rhoqo. Izibonelelo zonga imali ngokuhamba kwexesha. Zityala imali encinci kwiimpahla ezintsha. Oku kwenza kube sisigqibo esihlakaniphileyo sezemali.
Iimfuno Ezincitshisiweyo Zokuhlamba Impahla Nokutshintsha Iimpahla
Ndiyaziqonda iindleko zokusebenza ezinxulumene nokuhlamba impahla. Amalaphu alwa neentsholongwane anciphisa kakhulu ezi ndleko. La malaphu alwa neentsholongwane ezibangela ivumba. Oku kugcina impahla icocekile ixesha elide. Oku kutsha okude kuvumela ukuba impahla ingahlanjwa rhoqo. Ndibona oku kugcina amanzi kunye namandla. Nangona ukuhlamba rhoqo kuyimfuneko ukuze kuhlambuluke, amanye amalaphu enzelwe ukuba afune amanzi kunye namandla amancinci ukuze kuhlanjululwe. Angaphatha nokuhlamba impahla ngendlela efanelekileyo kwimizi-mveliso. Oku kuncipha kokuhlamba rhoqo, kunye nokuqina kwelaphu, kuthetha ukuba kufuneka kutshintshwe iiyunifomu ezimbalwa. Oku kunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza.
Ukhetho Oluzinzileyo lweZibonelelo zezeMpilo
Ndikholelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo ezifanelekileyo malunga nokusingqongileyo. Ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango elwa neentsholongwane limeleukhetho oluzinzileyokwizibonelelo zempilo. Ukuncipha kokuhlamba rhoqo kugcina amanzi kunye namandla. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo. Ixesha elide lokuphila kweempahla likhokelela ekungatshintshi rhoqo. Oku kunciphisa inkunkuma yelaphu. Kunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo enxulumene nokuveliswa kweempahla. Ndifumanisa ukuba ukukhetha iindlela eziveliswe ngononophelo, ingakumbi ezo zisebenzisa ii-antimicrobial agents zendalo, kunciphisa ngakumbi impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Oku kwenza kube lukhetho oluqondayo lwekamva eliluhlaza.
Ndikholelwa ukuba ukuphucula ilaphu leyunifomu yezonyango elilwa neentsholongwane linyathelo elisebenzayo. Lidala indawo yokhathalelo lwempilo ekhuselekileyo, ecocekileyo, necocekileyo ngakumbi. La malaphu abonelela ngokhuseleko olungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Anika uxolo lwengqondo ngokulwa neentsholongwane ngenkuthalo. Ndibona enegalelo elikhulu kwimpilo-ntle yomntu wonke kwiindawo zonyango. Achaza ngokutsha ulindelo lwelaphu lezempilo.
FAQ
❓ Yintoni eyenza ilaphu elilwa neentsholongwane lahluke kwilaphu eliqhelekileyo elifanayo?
Ndidibanisa izinto ezikhethekileyo kwilaphu. Ezi zinto zithintela ukukhula kweebhaktheriya. Oku kudala imeko-bume enobungozi kwiintsholongwane.