Ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kwemicu yamakhemikhali, kunezinhlobo eziningi zemicu. Ngaphezu kwemicu evamile, izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha ezifana nemicu ekhethekile, imicu ehlanganisiwe, kanye nemicu eguquliwe ziye zavela emicu yamakhemikhali. Ukuze kube lula ukuphathwa kokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlaziywa komkhiqizo, kudingeka ukuhlonza isayensi kwemicu yendwangu.
Ukuhlonza ifayibha kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza izici zesimo somzimba kanye nokuhlonza izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Ukubuka nge-microscopic kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlonza izici zesimo somzimba.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlonza izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, njengendlela yokushisa, indlela yokuncibilikisa, indlela yokufaka umbala we-reagent, indlela yephuzu lokuncibilika, indlela ethile yamandla adonsela phansi, indlela ye-birefringence, indlela ye-X-ray diffraction kanye nendlela ye-infrared absorption spectroscopy, njll.
1. Indlela yokubuka nge-Microscope
Ukusebenzisa i-microscope ukubona isimo semicu emide nesengxenyeni ehlukene kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokuhlonza imicu ehlukahlukene yendwangu, futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlonza izigaba zemicu. Imicu yemvelo ngayinye inomumo okhethekile ongahlonzwa kahle ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Isibonelo, imicu yekotini iyisicaba ohlangothini olude, ngokusonta kwemvelo, uhlangothi oluyindilinga oluyindilinga, kanye nomgodi ophakathi. Uboya bugoqekile ngobude, bunezikali ebusweni, futhi buyindilinga noma buyi-oval ohlangothini oluhlukile. Amanye ama-wool ane-pith phakathi. I-jute inamafindo avundlile kanye nemivimbo eqondile ohlangothini olude, ingxenye evundlile ingama-polygonal, kanti umgodi ophakathi mkhulu.
2. Indlela yokushisa
Enye yezindlela ezivamile zokuhlonza imicu yemvelo. Ngenxa yomehluko ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali kwemicu, izici zokusha nazo zihlukile. Imicu ye-cellulose kanye nemicu yeprotheni ingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngokulula kokushisa imicu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyi-thermoplastic, iphunga elikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusha, kanye nezici zomlotha ngemva kokusha.
Imicu ye-cellulose efana nekotini, i-hemp, ne-viscose isha ngokushesha uma ihlangana nelangabi, futhi iyaqhubeka isha ngemva kokuphuma elangabini, nephunga lephepha elivuthayo, ishiya inani elincane lomlotha ompunga othambile ngemva kokushisa; imicu yeprotheni efana noboya nesilika isha kancane uma ihlangana nelangabi, futhi ishiya ilangabi Ngemva kwalokho, yaqhubeka isha kancane, nephunga lezimpaphe ezivuthayo, ishiya umlotha omnyama oqhekekile ngemva kokushisa.
| uhlobo lwefayibha | eduze kwelangabi | emalangabini | shiya ilangabi | iphunga elivuthayo | Ifomu lensalela |
| I-Tencel fiber | Akukho ukuncibilika futhi akukho ukuncibilika | shisa ngokushesha | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elishisiwe | umlotha omnyama ompunga |
I-modal fiber | Akukho ukuncibilika futhi akukho ukuncibilika | shisa ngokushesha | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elishisiwe | umlotha omnyama ompunga |
| i-bamboo fibre | Akukho ukuncibilika futhi akukho ukuncibilika | shisa ngokushesha | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elishisiwe | umlotha omnyama ompunga |
| I-fibre ye-viscose | Akukho ukuncibilika futhi akukho ukuncibilika | shisa ngokushesha | qhubeka uvutha | iphepha elishisiwe | inani elincane lomlotha omhlophe ongabonakali |
| i-polyester fiber | ncibilikisa ukuncibilika | Okokuqala ncibilikisa bese ushisa, kukhona ukuconsa kwesisombululo | kungandisa isikhathi sokushisa | iphunga elikhethekile | Ibhola eliqinile elinsundu elimnyama eliyingilazi |
3. Indlela yokuncibilikisa
Imicu ihlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuncibilika kwemicu ehlukahlukene yendwangu kuma-chemical agents ahlukene. Isinyibilikisi esisodwa singavame ukuncibilikisa imicu ehlukahlukene, ngakho-ke uma usebenzisa indlela yokuncibilikisa ukuthola imicu, kuyadingeka ukwenza njalo izivivinyo ezahlukene zokuncibilikisa imicu ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lwemicu etholakele. Indlela yokuncibilikisa Lapho kutholakala izingxenye ezixubile zemikhiqizo exubile, isinyibilikisi esisodwa singasetshenziswa ukuncibilikisa imicu yengxenye eyodwa, bese kuba nesinye isinyibilikisi esingasetshenziswa ukuncibilikisa imicu yengxenye enye. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlaziya ukwakheka nokuqukethwe kwemicu ehlukahlukene emikhiqizweni exubile. Lapho ukuhlushwa kanye nokushisa kwesinyibilikisi kuhlukile, ukuncibilika kwefayibha kuhlukile.
Ifayibha ezotholakala ingafakwa epayipini lokuhlola, ifakwe nge-solvent ethile, ivuselelwe ngenduku yengilazi, bese kuqashelwa ukuncibilika kwefayibha. Uma inani lefayibha lincane kakhulu, isampula ingafakwa futhi kuslayidi yengilazi egobile enobuso obugobile, iconswe nge-solvent, imbozwe ngeslayidi yengilazi, bese ibhekwa ngqo ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Uma usebenzisa indlela yokuncibilikisa ukuhlonza imicu, ukuhlushwa kwe-solvent kanye nokushisa kokushisa kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ijubane lokuncibilikisa kwemicu. Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuncibilikisa kudinga ukuqonda okunembile kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali efayibha, futhi izinqubo zokuhlola ziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlonza imicu yendwangu. Empeleni, indlela eyodwa ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa, kodwa kudingeka izindlela eziningana zokuhlaziya nokucwaninga okuphelele. Inqubo yokuhlonza imicu ngendlela ehlelekile iwukuhlanganisa ngokwesayensi izindlela eziningana zokuhlonza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-06-2022