Ka tutuki i te papanga mahi whatu hou tōna āhua ātete-wai mā roto i ngā maimoatanga matū motuhake. Ka whakarerekētia e ēnei te taumahatanga o te mata, ka pupuhi te wai, ka takahuri. Ka hangaia hekakahu ātete wai, he mea nui mō ngā taonga pēnei i tepapanga polyester spandex mō te mirimiri hauora, Kakahu TSP mō ngā kākahu hauora, meTe kakahu kākahu hōhipera TSP, he maha ngā wāKakahu tiaki ngāwari TSPKo te uara o tēnei mākete he $2572.84 miriona i te tau 2023.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Ka hangaia e ngā paninga motuhakengā papanga kākahu mahiĀrai i te wai. Ka hurihia e ēnei paninga te mata o te papanga. Kātahi ka pupū ake te wai, ka takahuri atu, ka noho maroke koe.
- Ka pā kino ngā matū tawhito ātete-wai, e kiia nei ko ngā PFC, ki te taiao me te hauora. Inaianei, ka tiakina ngā papanga e ngā kōwhiringa hou, haumaru ake me te kore e pāngia e ēnei tūponotanga.
- Ka taea e koekia roa ake te ora o ō kākahu ātete-waiHoroia kia tika, ā, whakamahia te wera hei whakahou i te paninga. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te wai i roto i te papanga.
Te Pūtaiao o te Ārai Wai i roto i ngā Kākahu Mahi
Te Mārama ki te DWR (Pare Ārai Wai Pakari)
Ina titiro ahau kingā kākahu mahi hou, e kite ana ahau i te maha o ngā mahi auaha, inā koa te āhua o te pupuri a ngā papanga i te wai. Ko te mea ngaro kei roto i tētahi mea e kiia nei ko te Durable Water Repellent, ko te DWR rānei. Ko te DWR he paninga motuhake e whakamahia ana e ngā kaihanga ki ngā papanga. Mā tēnei paninga ka ātete te papanga ki te wai, ka ārai rānei i te wai. I ngā wā o mua, ko te nuinga o ngā maimoatanga DWR i whakamahi i ngā fluoropolymers. He tino angiangi ēnei paninga. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga mā te rehu, mā te tuku rānei i te papanga ki roto i tētahi otinga matū. Ka taea hoki e rātou te whakamahi i te matū vapor deposition (CVD). He pai te CVD nā te mea he iti ake ngā whakarewa kino e whakamahia ana, he iti ake hoki ngā rauemi DWR. Ka hangaia hoki he paparanga ā-wai tino angiangi e kore e tino rerekē te āhua, te āhua rānei o te papanga.
Ka mahi te DWR mā te whakaiti i te kaha kore utu o te mata o te rauemi. Ko te tikanga ka iti ake te kaha o te mata o te papanga i te kaha o te mata o te wai. Ina pā te wai ki te papanga, ka hanga he poroporo ka hurihuri. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te wai kia mimiti, ka noho whakamarie, ka maroke hoki koe. Ko te ātete wai i roto i ngā papanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te wai e piri ana ki te mata totoka. Ko te iti o te piri he tikanga he ātete nui ake. Ko te kaha o te papanga ki te ātete i te wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki ētahi mea: te hanganga matū o tōna mata, tōna taratara, tōna pūwero, me ētahi atu ngota kei runga. He āwhina anō hoki ngā papanga whatu piri. Mā te tāpiri i ngā matūriki iti pai ka taea te whakaiti i ngā awa pūwero, ka ārai anō i ngā wai.
Ko te ārai wai he mea nui ki te whakarerekē i te taumahatanga o te mata. He pai ake ki ngā ngota wai te piri tetahi ki tetahi, kaua ki te papanga kua rongoatia. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā matū motuhake. Ka hangaia e ēnei matū he paparanga wai-kore ki runga i te papanga. Ka āraihia e tēnei paparanga ngā pata wai kei uru. Engari, ka pupū ake ngā pata, ka hurihuri atu. He maha ngā huarahi e mahi ai ēnei kaihoko whakaoti. Tuatahi, ka whakaitihia e ngā matū pēnei i ngā warowaihā fluoro, ngā silicone rānei te kaha o te mata o ngā muka. Nā tēnei ka uaua te horapa o te wai. Tuarua, ka hangaia e ngā kaihoko matatau he mata taratara, he kakano i te taumata iti. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei te wāhi pa i waenga i ngā pata wai me te papanga, ka nui ake te pupū ake o te wai.
Ko te pānga wai-whakahāwea e whakamahi ana i te taumahatanga o te mata. Ko ngā paninga ātete-wai me ngā muka whatu piripono he mea kore-polar. Ko te tikanga, kāore e taea e ngā ngota wai te hanga hononga ki a rātou. Nō reira, ka noho ngā pata wai ki runga i te mata, ka puritia ngātahi e ō rātou ake kaha. Ina taumaha rawa te pata, ka kumea atu e te kaha ā-papa. Ka haere tonu ēnei paninga matū wai-whakahāwea mā roto i ngā maimoatanga rehu-ki-runga, tuku rānei. Ka rumakina ngā papanga ki roto i ngā otinga me ngā matū ārai-wai, kātahi ka maroke. I a rātou e maroke ana, ka piri ēnei matū, pērā i te silicone, te ware pi, ētahi fluorocarbons rānei, ki ngā muka takitahi. Ka huri tēnei i te taumahatanga o te mata o ngā muka. Ka uaua te uru atu o te wai me ētahi atu wai ki roto, ki te piri rānei ki te papanga.
Te Matū o te Waipōrearea: Ngā PFC me ngā Huarahi Rēwena
Mō te wā roa, ko ngā matū matua mō te DWR ko ngā matū per- me polyfluoroalkyl, arā, ko ngā PFC. Ina koa, ko ngā fluorocarbons C8 mekameka-roa te paerewa. He tino whai hua ēnei matū ki te pana i te wai me te hinu. He teitei hoki te pumau o ngā matū me te pāmahana. Heoi, i ako mātou mō ngā āwangawanga taiao me te hauora e pā ana ki ēnei matū. I muri i te aukati i ngā fluorocarbons C8, ka noho ko ngā maimoatanga C6 mekameka-poto hei otinga rangitahi.
E mōhio ana tātou ināianei ka pakaru ngā fluorotelomer, he wāhanga o ngā PFC, hei waikawa PFC kino. Ka tāpiri atu tēnei ki te parahanga PFC. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mō ngā ika taraute ka taea tēnei pakaru mā te nakunaku. Ka ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō te parahanga kai me te mimiti tika i roto i te tangata. I kī te umanga fluorocarbon i mua he puhoi te pakaru i roto i te oneone. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e te rangahau a te EPA he tere ake. I whakatau rātou ko te pakaru o te fluorotelomer-polymer he puna nui o te PFOA me ētahi atu matū fluorinated i roto i te taiao. Ka pakaru anō hoki ngā fluorotelomer e ahu mai ana i te C6 hei waikawa PFC, pērā i te PFHxA. Ahakoa he iti ake te mōrearea o te PFHxA i te PFOA, he āwangawanga tonu. Kua whakaatuhia e ētahi atu waikawa fluorotelomer mai i tēnei pakaru he paitini ki ngā mea ora i roto i te wai.
He raruraru ngā PFC nā te mea he puhoi rawa te pakaru o ētahi. Ka taea e rātou te hanga i roto i te tangata, i ngā kararehe, me te taiao i roto i te wā. E ai ki ngā rangahau, ko te pānga ki ētahi PFC ka arahi pea ki ngā hua kino ki te hauora. Hei tauira, ko te pānga ki ētahi PFC ka whakaroa i te pakeketanga o ngā kōtiro. Ka arahi pea tēnei ki te nui ake o ngā mōrearea o te mate pukupuku ū, te mate tākihi, me te mate tairoi i muri mai i te ao. Kua honoa hoki ki te iti o te kiato kohuke wheua i roto i ngā taiohi, ka taea ai te whakapouri wheua. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau i te hononga i waenga i te pānga ki te PFC me te pikinga ake o te mōrearea o te mate huka Momo 2 i roto i ngā wāhine. Ka taea hoki e ētahi PFC te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku tairoi. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau nui ki te tangata me ngā kararehe i te kino o te ate mai i te pānga ki te PFC. Ka hanga ngā PFC i roto i ngā kiko tinana pērā i te ate, ka whai wāhi pea ki te mate ate momona kore-waipiro.
Nā ēnei āwangawanga, e kite ana ahau i te akiaki nui mō ngā momo rerekē kāore he PFC. He maha ngā kamupene e tuku ana i ngā kōwhiringa pai inaianei. Hei tauira, kei te tuku a Rockgeist i ngā papanga kāore he PFC pērā i te raupapa Cotton Duck a XPac me ngā tuku a EcoPak. Ko Shell-Tech Free M325-SC1 me Shell-Tech Free 6053 he whakaotinga wai e whakamahi ana i ngā polymer hydrophobic-reactive. He tino ātete wai rātou, ā, he roa te horoinga. Ko Altopel F3® tētahi atu kōwhiringa pai mō te miro me ngā muka hangai. Kua whakawhanakehia e Schoeller Textil AG a Ecorepel®, he whakaotinga DWR kāore he PFC e whai ana i te āhua o te tiaki ā-taiao a ngā tipu i a rātou anō. Ka hangaia he kiriata angiangi huri noa i ngā muka hei ārai i te wai me te paru.
Ko ētahi atu otinga rongonui kāore he PFC ko ngā hua zeroF me te ECOPERL nā CHT, BIONIC-FINISH® ECO nā Rudolf Group, me Ecoguard-SYN (Conc) nā Sarex. Kei a Sciessent ngā hua Curb Water Repellent, he 100% kore-hauora, ā, ka pirau. Kei a Teflon EcoElite te hangarau ārai paru kāore i te whai-hauora. Kei a Daikin a Unidyne XF mō te ārai wai kore-PFC. Kei a DownTek ngā ārai wai kore-PFC. Ko te Nanomyte SR-200EC a NEI me te Neoseed Series a NICCA he kore-PFC anō hoki. I whakakorea e Polartec te PFAS i roto i ngā maimoatanga DWR puta noa i ana papanga. Ko ngā paparanga Sympatex he kore-PFAS me te PTFE tonu. Ko ngā hua a OrganoClick he kore-PFAS, ā, ka pirau. Tae noa ki a Snickers Workwear ka tuku ārai wai horoi kakahu kore-waro fluoro.
Ko tētahi atu kōwhiringa whakamiharo ko Empel™. He pai ake te ātete wai, he kotahi hautoru noa iho te wai e mimitihia ana, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā whakaotinga C0 me C6 matua. Kāore he PFAS, kāore hoki he paitini, me te tiwhikete Oeko-Tex®. Ka whakamahia e Empel he tukanga tono kore-wai, e whakaiti ana i te parahanga me te whakamahinga pūngao. Ka roa te mau o te papanga nā te mea ka hanga he hononga ngota ngota ki ngā muka. Hei tāpiri, ka pupuri i te papanga kia ngawari, kia manawa hoki, he mea nui mō te papanga kakahu mahi whatu whakamarie.
Te Whakamahi i ngā Whakaoti Ārai-Wai ki te Kakahu Kākahu Mahi Whatu
Ngā Tukanga Tono Ahumahi
Ki ahau nei, he mea whakamīharo te whakamahinga ahumahi o ngā whakaotinga ātete-wai. Ko te tikanga matua e whakamahia ana e ngā kaihanga ko te tikanga e kīia nei ko te whakamaroke-papa. Tuatahi, ka rumakina te wai.papanga kākahu mahi whatui roto i tētahi otinga. Kei roto i tēnei otinga ngā kaihoko DWR, ngā here, ngā whakangawari, me ngā whakakorikori. Muri iho, ka pēhia te papanga e ngā roera kia eke ki te kohi mākū e hiahiatia ana. Kātahi ka whakamarokehia te hua. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakamarokehia i ngā pāmahana me ngā roanga motuhake. He mea nui tēnei taahiraa whakamaroke. Ka whakahohehia te maimoatanga. Hei tauira, ka puta te whakamaroke i waenga i te 100°C me te 120°C. Kātahi ka puta te whakamaroke i te 150°C ki te 180°C. E mōhio ana hoki ahau he maha ngā maimoatanga DWR ka whakahohehia e te wera. Mā te huri tere i roto i te whakamaroke i runga i te wera iti, reo rānei ka āwhina i te whakaora i te whakaotinga. Ka tautuhi anō tēnei i te maimoatanga ki te mata o te papanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakahokia mai te piripiri wai me te kore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga anō. Mena ka tīmata te ngoikore o te ātete wai, ka whakaaro ahau ki te whakahohe anō i te DWR mā te whakamahi i te tautuhinga wera iti i roto i te whakamaroke, mena ka taea e te tapanga tiaki. Mō ngā taonga Gore-Tex, ka whakamahia pea e au he rino mamaoa i runga i te tautuhinga mahana, me te whakatakoto i tētahi tauera i waenga i te rino me te kākahu.
Hanganga Kakahu me te Whatu hei Ārai i te Mate
Haunga ngā maimoatanga matū, ka āwhina anō te hanganga ā-tinana o te papanga ki te ātete wai. E kite ana ahau he rerekētanga nui te āhua o te whatu a ngā kaihanga i te papanga. He pai ake te ātete o ngā papanga whatu piri ki te wai i ngā whatu korekore. Nā te hononga piri o ngā miro ka hangaia he ārai matotoru ake. Nā tēnei ka uaua ake te uru o ngā pata wai. Whakaarohia he mea tino angiangi,papanga kākahu mahi whatu matotoru. Ka uaua te wai ki te kimi i ngā āputa hei whakawhiti. Ka mahi tahi tēnei ātete ā-tinana me te whakaotinga matū DWR. Ka hangaia he kākahu ātete-wai whai hua ake, pakari ake hoki. Hei tauira, he whatu papatahi, me tōna tauira ngāwari o runga-raro, ka tino matotoru. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei matotoru te rahi o ngā pūwero i roto i te papanga. Ko te iti o ngā pūwero he iti ake te wāhi mō te wai ki te whakawhiti. Mā tēnei huinga o te whatu piripono me te maimoatanga DWR pai ka homai he tiaki pai rawa atu ki a tātou.
Te Mahi, te Pumau, me te Tiaki
Te Ine i te Whai Huatanga o te Ārai Wai
He maha ngā wā ka whakaaro ahau me pēhea te whakatau a ngā kaihanga mēnā he tino whai hua te whakaotinga ātete-wai. He maha ngā tohu mahi matua me ngā whakamātautau e whakamahia ana e rātou. Mā ēnei whakamātautau ka āwhina tātou ki te mārama ki te pai o te ātete o te papanga ki te wai.
Ko tētahi whakamātautau noa ko teWhakamātautau Upoko Wairewa (AATCC 127). E kite ana ahau i tēnei whakamātautau e ine ana i te nui o te pēhanga wai ka taea e te papanga te tu atu i mua i te urunga o te wai. Ka whakatakotoria te papanga ki raro i te pou wai. Ko te teitei o te pou wai, e inehia ana i roto i ngā mirimita (mm H₂O), e tohu ana i te ātete o te papanga. Hei tauira, e mōhio ana ahau he ātete wai ngā kākahu neke atu i te 1000 mm. Mō ngā āhuatanga tino kino, pērā i ngā tēneti, ngā taputapu hōia rānei, me neke atu i te 3000 mm. Ka whakamahia e te whakamātautau AATCC 127 he papu e whakahaeretia ana e te hiko. Ka tukuna he pēhanga wai ki te taha raro o te papanga. Ka āwhina te rama tirotiro ki te kite i ngā pata wai. He mea noa tēnei whakamātautau mō ngā kākahu hākinakina o waho me ngā rauemi tiaki hauora.
Ko tētahi atu whakamātautau nui ko teWhakamātautau Whakatauranga Rehu (ISO 4920:2012, AATCC 22 rānei)Ki taku whakaaro, ka arotakehia e tēnei whakamātautau te ātete o te papanga ki te mākū o te mata. Ka rehuhia e rātou te wai ki runga i tētahi tauira papanga kua pūmau i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Kātahi ka arotakehia e rātou te tauira kua mākū. Ko te tauine whakatauranga mai i te 0 (mākū rawa) ki te 100 (kāore he maturuturu e piri). He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia e ngā kaihoko o te ao neke atu i te 90 ngā tohu mō ngā koti o waho. Ka āwhina tēnei whakamātautau ki te aromatawai i te ātete wai o ngā momo whakaotinga papanga. Ko ngā hua ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā muka, te miro, te hanganga papanga, me te whakaotinga.
Ka whai wāhi atu hoki ētahi atu whakamātautau ki te whakaahua katoa ote mahi a te papanga:
- Whakamātautau maturuturuKa tirohia tēnei me pēhea te pupū ake me te hurihuri o te wai i te mata.
- Whakamātautau mimiti (Whakamātautau ira)Ka whakamahia e au tēnei hei tirotiro i te nui o te wai e mimitihia ana e te papanga.
- AATCC 42Ka ine tēnei i te urunga wai i roto i ngā karamu. Hei tauira, ko te iti iho i te 1.0 karamu/m pea te nui e hiahiatia ana mō ngā kākahu hauora.
- Whakamātautau Bundesmann (DIN 53888)Mā tēnei ka whakatau i te ōrau mimiti wai me te ātete ki te pakū. He pai mō ngā kākahu mahi me ngā papanga taumaha.
Haunga te ātete ki te wai, ka whakaarohia hoki e au ētahi atungā āhuatanga papanga mō te mahi whānui:
- GSM (Karamu mō ia Mita Tapawhā)Mā tēnei e whakaatu te taumaha o te papanga.
- Te kaha o te pahūtangaKa tirohia e au tēnei mō te ātete ki te haehae.
- Te kaha o te kumeKa ine tēnei i te kaha ka taea e te papanga te tu atu i mua i te whati.
- Ātete ki te pakū (ASTM D4966, whakamātautau pakū Martindale)E whakaatu ana tēnei i te kaha o te ātete o te papanga ki te kakahutanga mai i te mirimiri.
- Te uruhanga o te hauKa titiro ahau ki tēnei mō te āheinga o te manawa.
- Te pumau o te tae ki te horoi (ISO 105 C03)Mā tēnei ka kore e memeha ngā tae i muri i te horoinga.
- Te pumau o te tae ki te wai (ISO 105 E01)Ka tirohia tēnei te pumau o te tae ina mākū.
- Te pumau o te tae ki te werawera (ISO 105-E04)Ka whakamahia e au tēnei hei tirotiro mēnā ka pā te werawera ki te tae.
- Te pakari o te mirimiri (ISO-105-X 12)Ka ine tēnei i te nui o te tae ka whakawhitia ina miria.
Mō ngā kākahu mahi, he maha ngā wā ka kōrero ahau mō tePaerewa EN 343 (UK). Ka aromatawaihia e tēnei paerewa te kākahu katoa. Ka whakaarohia te ātete wai o te papanga me ngā tuitui, te hanganga o te kākahu, te mahi, me te āheinga manawa. Ka whakarōpūhia ngā kākahu ki ngā akomanga e whā (Akomanga 1 ki te Akomanga 4) mō te ātete wai me te āheinga manawa. Ko te Akomanga 4:4 te mea tino tiaki. Ki ahau nei he tino āwhina tēnei paerewa mō te whiriwhiri i te papanga kākahu mahi whatu pono, ātete-wai.
Ngā Āhuatanga e Pā Ana ki te Pakari o te Whakaotinga
Kua ako ahau ahakoa ngā whakapaipai ātete-wai pai rawa atu, kāore e roa te mau. He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki tōna pakari. Mā te mārama ki ēnei ka pai ake taku tiaki i aku kākahu mahi.
Ko tētahi take nui kopoke. Ka ngāwari te poke o ngā whakaotinga DWR, tae atu ki ngā ware pi me ngā silicone, i te paru me te hinu. Nā tēnei poke ka tere te ngaro o te whai huatanga o ēnei whakaotinga. Ina pirau te DWR, ka makuku te mata o te papanga. Ka puta he ahua mākū, he kirikiri i te taha o te kiri, ahakoa kāore te wai e uru ki roto i te kākahu. Nā tēnei ngaronga o te whai huatanga ka whakaiti i te roanga mahi o te kākahu.
Te pakūHe mahi nui anō hoki tā te karawarawa. Ko ngā karawarawa taiao me te whakamahinga anō ka puta ai te pakaru me te haehae o ngā kākahu ārai wai. Nā tēnei pakaru me te haehae ka memeha haere ngā wāhi ka memeha haere te whakaotinga DWR i roto i te wā. Ko te karawarawa nui mai i ngā pūtake pēnei i ngā toka, te pā tonu ki ngā whitiki hope me ngā whitiki pakihiwi, te horoinga maha rānei ka whakaiti i te mahi a te DWR. Ina tupu tēnei, me whakamahi anō te DWR.
Kāore i te tikangā mahi horoi kakahuka kino rawa atu ngā whakaotinga DWR. Kua kitea e au ka whakangaromia e ngā hopi horoi kakahu noa ngā āhuatanga o te DWR. Ka waiho e rātou he toenga matū. Ko tēnei toenga, ka taea te kohikohi ki te 2% o te taumaha o te papanga, he hinu kakara, he tae whakamārama UV, he tote, he matū horoi, he āwhina tukatuka, he hinu whakahinuhinu mīhini horoi, he hinu, he ngako, me ngā polymer. Ka whakapakeke tēnei toenga i te papanga, ka herea ngā muka, ā, ka hipokina te fluoropolymer i roto i te DWR. Ka ārai i te wai kia pupū ake, ka mimiti ki roto i te papanga. Ka nui ake te kino o tēnei raruraru mā te tāpiri i ētahi atu toenga.
Ka tūtohu tonu ahau kia whakamahia ngā hopi horoi pH-kore i hangaia mō ngā kākahu o waho hangarau. He maha ngā wā he wai te pūtake o ēnei, he pirau, ā, kāore he tae, he whakama, he whakamārama, he kakara rānei. Ko ngā hopi horoi e tika ana mō te kiri tairongo he maha ngā wā he haumaru mō ngā taputapu. Ka karohia e au ngā hopi horoi tikanga, te whakamā, te whakangawari kakahu, me te horoi maroke. Ka taea e ēnei te aukati i ngā pore, te kino i ngā paninga DWR, me te whakaiti i ngā whakatauranga ātete wai/manawa.
Hei whakaroa i te roa o te ora o ngā kākahu mahi ātete-wai, ka whai ahau i ngā tikanga tiaki motuhake:
- Whakahohe anōMā tēnei tukanga ka whakahokia mai te āhua taketake ātete-wai. Me wera, me roa hoki te wā. Ka taea e au tēnei mā te whakamaroke i te kākahu i te pāmahana iti mō te 30 meneti pea, mēnā ka taea e te tapanga tiaki. Ka āwhina pea te tauera haukū mēnā ka mutu wawe te whakamaroke. Mēnā ka puta te wai mai i te papanga, kua angitu te whakahohenga anō. Tērā pea ka rinohia e au te kākahu maroke i te pāmahana iti me te kore e mamaoa, ka whakatakotoria he tauera ki waenganui i te rino me te kākahu.
- Te whakapūpūtangaKa whakahoutia te paparanga ārai-wai me te paru. Ka memeha haere i te roanga o te wā nā te kakahu. Me whakakī anō ina kore e pupū ake te wai i muri i te horoinga me te whakamaroke. Ka taea e au te whakamahi i ngā mea horoi motuhake i roto i te mīhini horoi i runga i te huringa ngawari. Waihoki, ka pania e au he rehu whakakī ki te kākahu, ka whakamahia rānei he mea motuhake i te wā e horoi ā-ringa ana.
- Manaaki WhānuiKa horoia tonutia e au ngā kākahu mahi me te kore he whakangawari papanga i mua i te whakakī. Ka whai au i ngā tohutohu tiaki mō te papanga me te mea whakakī.
Ka mātakitaki ahau i te whanaketanga o te hangarau ātete-wai. Inaianei ka whakatauritehia te mahi teitei me te kawenga mō te taiao. Mā te auaha tonu ka puta he otinga whai hua, haumaru hoki mō ngā kaimahi. Mā te mārama ki ēnei whakaotinga ka āwhina i ahau ki te whiriwhiri me te pupuri i ngā kākahu mahi tino pai, kia roa ai te ora me te whakamarie.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te DWR?
Ka tautuhia e au te DWR heiĀrai Wai PakariHe paninga motuhake tēnei. Mā tēnei paninga ka ātete te papanga ki te wai.
He aha ngā PFC he āwangawanga?
E mōhio ana ahau he āwangawanga ngā PFC. Ka puea ake ēnei i roto i te taiao. Ka hono atu hoki ēnei ki ngā take hauora.
Me pēhea taku whakahohe anō i te DWR?
Ka whakahohe anō ahau i te DWR mā te wera. Ka whakamahia e au he mīhini whakamaroke kakahu i runga i te wera iti. Ka taea hoki e au te whakamahi i te rino.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-21-2025