Nsalu yopangidwa ndi nsalu yoluka yamakono imapangidwa kuti isalowe m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera. Izi zimasintha mphamvu ya pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azizungulira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti madzi azizungulira.nsalu yosalowa madzi, zofunika kwambiri pazinthu mongansalu ya poliyesitala ya spandex yotsukira zachipatala, Nsalu ya TSP yogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatalandiNsalu ya TSP yovala yunifolomu yachipatala, nthawi zambiri mongaNsalu yosamalira mosavuta ya TSPMsika uwu unali $2572.84 miliyoni mu 2023.
Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri
- Zophimba zapaderansalu zogwirira ntchitoKutseka madzi. Zophimba zimenezi zimasintha pamwamba pa nsalu. Kenako madzi amakwera mmwamba ndikugubuduzika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wouma.
- Mankhwala akale oletsa madzi, otchedwa PFCs, amawononga chilengedwe ndi thanzi. Njira zatsopano komanso zotetezeka tsopano zimateteza nsalu popanda zoopsa izi.
- Muthapangitsani zovala zanu zoletsa madzi kukhala nthawi yayitaliZitsukeni bwino ndipo gwiritsani ntchito kutentha kuti mubwezeretsenso chophimbacho. Izi zimathandiza kuti nsaluyo isalowe madzi.
Sayansi Yoletsa Madzi mu Zovala Zantchito
Kumvetsetsa DWR (Choletsa Madzi Chokhazikika)
Ndikayang'anazovala zamakono zogwirira ntchito, Ndimaona zinthu zambiri zatsopano, makamaka momwe nsalu zimagwirira ntchito ndi madzi. Chinsinsi nthawi zambiri chimakhala mu chinthu chotchedwa Durable Water Repellent, kapena DWR. DWR ndi opanga utoto wapadera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ku nsalu. Mtundu uwu wa utoto umapangitsa nsalu kukhala yosalowa madzi, kapena yosawopa madzi. M'mbuyomu, mankhwala ambiri a DWR amagwiritsa ntchito fluoropolymers. Mtundu uwu wa utoto nthawi zambiri umakhala woonda kwambiri. Opanga amaugwiritsa ntchito popopera kapena kuviika nsalu mu mankhwala. Angagwiritsenso ntchito chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD ndi yabwino chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zochepa zowopsa komanso zinthu zochepa za DWR. Imapanganso wosanjikiza woonda kwambiri wosalowa madzi womwe susintha momwe nsaluyo imawonekera kapena momwe imamvekera kwambiri.
DWR imagwira ntchito pochepetsa mphamvu yopanda pamwamba pa nsalu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ya pamwamba pa nsalu imakhala yotsika kuposa mphamvu ya pamwamba ya madzi. Madzi akagunda nsalu, amapanga mikanda ndikugubuduzika. Izi zimaletsa madzi kulowa, zomwe zimakupangitsani kukhala omasuka komanso ouma. Kuletsa madzi mu nsalu kumadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amamatira pamwamba pa chinthu cholimba. Kusamatirira pang'ono kumatanthauza kuletsa madzi kwambiri. Kutha kwa nsalu kukana madzi kumadalira zinthu zingapo: kapangidwe ka mankhwala ka pamwamba pake, momwe alili okhwima, momwe alili otupa, ndi mamolekyu ena omwe ali pamenepo. Nsalu zolukidwa mwamphamvu zimathandizanso. Kuwonjezera tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kungathandize kuchepetsa njira zotulutsira madzi, zomwe zimalepheretsanso madzi.
Kupewa madzi kumatanthauza kusintha mphamvu ya pamwamba. Mamolekyu a madzi amakonda kumamatirana m'malo momamatirana ndi nsalu yokonzedwa. Timakwaniritsa izi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera. Mankhwalawa amapanga gawo losalowerera madzi pa nsalu. Gawoli limaletsa madontho a madzi kulowa. M'malo mwake, madonthowo amakwera ndikugubuduzika. Zomalizazi zimagwira ntchito m'njira zingapo. Choyamba, mankhwala monga fluorocarbons kapena silicones amachepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba pa ulusi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti madzi azivuta kufalikira. Chachiwiri, zinthu zapamwamba zimapanga malo ozungulira, okhala ndi mawonekedwe pang'ono. Izi zimachepetsa malo olumikizirana pakati pa madontho a madzi ndi nsalu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkanda wa madzi ukwere kwambiri.
Mphamvu ya hydrophobic imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya pamwamba. Zophimba zosagwirizana ndi madzi ndi ulusi wolukidwa mwamphamvu sizili polar. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mamolekyu amadzi sangathe kupanga mgwirizano nawo. Chifukwa chake, madontho amadzi amakhala pamwamba, ogwirizana ndi mphamvu zawo. Dontho likalemera kwambiri, mphamvu yokoka imachotsa. Zophimba izi za hydrophobic zimapitilira kudzera mu mankhwala opopera kapena oviika. Nsalu zimalowa mu yankho ndi mankhwala oletsa madzi, kenako zimauma. Zikamauma, mankhwala awa, monga silicone, sera, kapena ma fluorocarbon ena, amalumikizana ndi ulusi uliwonse. Izi zimasintha mphamvu ya pamwamba ya ulusi. Zimapangitsa kuti madzi ndi zakumwa zina zivutike kulowa kapena kumamatira ku nsalu.
Chemistry of Hydrophobicity: PFCs ndi Njira Zina
Kwa nthawi yayitali, mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri a DWR anali zinthu za per- ndi polyfluoroalkyl, kapena PFCs. Makamaka, ma C8 fluorocarbons a unyolo wautali anali muyezo. Mankhwalawa anali othandiza kwambiri pochotsa madzi ndi mafuta. Analinso ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi ndi kutentha. Komabe, tinaphunzira za nkhawa zachilengedwe ndi thanzi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinthuzi. Ma C8 fluorocarbons ataletsedwa, mankhwala a C6 a unyolo waufupi anakhala yankho la kanthawi kochepa.
Tsopano tikudziwa kuti ma fluorotelomer, omwe ndi gawo la ma PFC, amagawika kukhala ma PFC acid owopsa. Izi zimawonjezera kuipitsa kwa PFC. Kafukufuku wa trout akuwonetsa kuti kugawika kumeneku kungachitike kudzera mu kugaya chakudya. Izi zimabweretsa nkhawa za kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya ndi kuyamwa mwachindunji mwa anthu. Makampani opanga ma fluorocarbon nthawi ina adati kugawika pang'onopang'ono m'nthaka. Komabe, kafukufuku wa EPA adawonetsa liwiro lachangu kwambiri. Adatsimikiza kuti kugawika kwa fluorotelomer-polymer ndi gwero lalikulu la PFOA ndi mankhwala ena opangidwa ndi fluorinated m'chilengedwe. Ma fluorotelomer okhala ndi C6 amagawikanso kukhala ma PFC acid, monga PFHxA. Ngakhale PFHxA ikhoza kukhala yowopsa pang'ono kuposa PFOA, ikadali nkhawa. Ma fluorotelomer acid ena ochokera ku kugawika kumeneku awonetsa poizoni ku zamoyo zam'madzi.
Ma PFC ndi vuto chifukwa ambiri amawonongeka pang'onopang'ono. Amatha kudziunjikira mwa anthu, nyama, ndi chilengedwe pakapita nthawi. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kupezeka ndi ma PFC ena kungayambitse zotsatira zoyipa pa thanzi. Mwachitsanzo, kupezeka ndi PFC kungachedwetse msinkhu mwa atsikana. Izi zingayambitse chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya m'mawere, matenda a impso, ndi matenda a chithokomiro mtsogolo. Zagwirizanitsidwanso ndi kuchepa kwa mchere m'mafupa mwa achinyamata, zomwe zingayambitse osteoporosis. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kupezeka ndi PFC ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda a shuga a Mtundu 2 mwa akazi. Ma PFC ena angawonjezerenso chiopsezo cha khansa ya chithokomiro. Kafukufuku wamkulu pa anthu ndi nyama akuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi chifukwa cha kupezeka ndi PFC. Ma PFC amaunjikira m'minofu ya thupi monga chiwindi, zomwe mwina zimapangitsa kuti pakhale matenda a chiwindi amafuta omwe si mowa.
Chifukwa cha nkhawa zimenezi, ndikuona kuti pali njira zina zopanda PFC. Makampani ambiri tsopano akupereka njira zabwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Rockgeist imapereka nsalu zopanda PFC monga XPac's Cotton Duck series ndi EcoPak's supplies. Shell-Tech Free M325-SC1 ndi Shell-Tech Free 6053 ndi zomaliza zochokera m'madzi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma polima oteteza madzi. Amapereka mphamvu zambiri zopewera madzi ndipo amatha kutsukidwa nthawi zambiri. Altopel F3® ndi njira ina yabwino yopangira thonje ndi ulusi wopangidwa. Schoeller Textil AG yapanga Ecorepel®, yomaliza yopanda PFC DWR yomwe imatsanzira momwe zomera zimadzitetezera mwachilengedwe. Imapanga filimu yopyapyala kuzungulira ulusi kuti ichotse madzi ndi dothi.
Mayankho ena odziwika bwino opanda PFC ndi monga zinthu za zeroF ndi ECOPERL ndi CHT, BIONIC-FINISH® ECO ndi Rudolf Group, ndi Ecoguard-SYN (Conc) ndi Sarex. Sciesent imapereka zinthu za Curb Water Repellent, zomwe ndi 100% zopanda fluorine komanso zowola. Teflon EcoElite imapereka ukadaulo wochotsa utoto wopanda fluorine. Daikin ili ndi Unidyne XF yochotsa madzi opanda PFC. DownTek imaperekanso mankhwala ochotsera madzi opanda PFC. NEI's Nanomyte SR-200EC ndi NICCA's Neoseed Series nazonso zilibe PFC. Polartec yachotsa PFAS mu mankhwala a DWR pa nsalu zake. Ma laminates a Sympatex nthawi zonse akhala opanda PFAS ndi PTFE. Zogulitsa za OrganoClick sizili ndi PFAS ndipo zimatha kuwola. Ngakhale Snickers Workwear imapereka njira yotsukira nsalu yopanda fluorocarbons.
Njira ina yodabwitsa ndi Empel™. Imasonyeza kuti imateteza madzi kwambiri, imayamwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a madzi poyerekeza ndi C0 ndi C6 zomwe zimadziwika bwino kwambiri. Ilibe PFAS ndipo siimayambitsa poizoni, yokhala ndi satifiketi ya Oeko-Tex®. Empel imagwiritsa ntchito njira yopanda madzi, yomwe imachepetsa kuipitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Imakhala yolimba nthawi yayitali chifukwa imapanga mgwirizano wa mamolekyulu ndi ulusi. Kuphatikiza apo, imasunga nsalu yofewa komanso yopumira, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa nsalu yoluka yomasuka.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zomaliza Zosalowa Madzi pa Nsalu Yolukidwa Yogwirira Ntchito
Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Mafakitale
Ndimaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoteteza madzi m'mafakitale n'kosangalatsa kwambiri. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa pad-dry-cure. Choyamba, amanyowetsa madzi m'thupi.nsalu yoluka yantchitomu yankho. Yankho ili lili ndi zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi DWR, zomangira, zofewetsa, ndi zoyambitsa. Kenako, ma rollers amafinya nsalu kuti apeze kunyowa komwe akufuna. Kenako, amaumitsa chinthucho. Pomaliza, amachichiritsa kutentha ndi nthawi yake. Gawo lochiritsira ili ndi lofunika kwambiri. Limayambitsa chithandizo. Mwachitsanzo, kuumitsa kumachitika pakati pa 100°C ndi 120°C. Kuchiritsa kumachitika pa 150°C mpaka 180°C. Ndikudziwanso kuti mankhwala ambiri a DWR amayatsidwa ndi kutentha. Kuzungulira mwachangu mu choumitsira pa kutentha kochepa kapena kwapakati kungathandize kukonzanso kumaliza. Izi zimabwezeretsa chithandizo pamwamba pa nsalu. Nthawi zambiri zimabwezeretsa mikanda yamadzi popanda kufunikira kuchiritsidwanso kwathunthu. Ngati kuletsa madzi kukuyamba kuchepa, ndikuganiza zoyambitsanso DWR pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kochepa mu choumitsira, ngati chizindikiro chosamalira chilola. Pazinthu za Gore-Tex, ndingagwiritse ntchito chitsulo cha nthunzi pamalo otentha, ndikuyika thaulo pakati pa chitsulo ndi chovalacho.
Kapangidwe ka Nsalu ndi Kulukidwa Kuti Isamavutike Kugwira Ntchito
Kupatula mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kapangidwe ka nsalu kumathandizanso kuti madzi asalowe. Ndikuona kuti momwe opanga amalukira nsaluyo zimapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu. Nsalu zolukidwa mwamphamvu mwachibadwa zimalimbana ndi madzi kuposa nsalu zolukidwa. Kulumikizana kwa ulusi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chotchinga cholimba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti madontho a madzi azilowa mosavuta. Taganizirani za chinthu chofewa kwambiri,nsalu yoluka yolimba yantchitoMadzi amavutika kupeza mipata yoti adutse. Kukana uku kwa thupi kumagwira ntchito limodzi ndi kutha kwa mankhwala a DWR. Kumapanga chovala cholimba komanso chogwira ntchito bwino chomwe sichimalowa madzi. Mwachitsanzo, nsalu yoluka, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta opindika, imatha kukhala yokhuthala kwambiri. Kuchulukana kumeneku kumachepetsa kukula kwa ma pores mu nsalu. Ma pores ang'onoang'ono amatanthauza malo ochepa kuti madzi adutse. Kuphatikiza uku kwa nsalu yoluka yolimba ndi chithandizo chabwino cha DWR kumatipatsa chitetezo chabwino kwambiri.
Kugwira Ntchito, Kukhalitsa, ndi Kusamalira
Kuyeza Kugwira Ntchito Koletsa Madzi
Nthawi zambiri ndimadabwa kuti opanga amazindikira bwanji ngati nsalu yoletsa madzi imagwiradi ntchito. Amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi mayeso angapo ofunikira. Mayesowa amatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe nsalu imakanira madzi.
Mayeso amodzi odziwika bwino ndiMayeso a Mutu Osasinthika (AATCC 127). Ndikuona kuti mayesowa amayesa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya madzi yomwe nsalu ingathe kupirira madzi asanalowe. Amayika nsaluyo pansi pa mzere wa madzi. Kutalika kwa mzere wa madzi, woyezedwa mu mamilimita (mm H₂O), kumasonyeza kukana kwa nsaluyo. Mwachitsanzo, ndikudziwa kuti zovala zokhala ndi mphamvu yoposa 1000 mm zimaonedwa kuti sizilowa madzi. Pazifukwa zovuta kwambiri, monga mahema kapena zida zankhondo, zimafunika mphamvu yoposa 3000 mm. Mayeso a AATCC 127 amagwiritsa ntchito pampu yoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi. Imayika mphamvu ya hydrostatic pansi pa nsaluyo. Kuwala kowonera kumathandiza kuzindikira madontho a madzi. Mayesowa ndi ofala kwambiri pa zovala zamasewera zakunja ndi zinthu zoteteza zachipatala.
Mayeso ena ofunikira ndiMayeso a Spray Rating (ISO 4920:2012 kapena AATCC 22). Ndapeza kuti mayesowa amayesa kukana kwa nsalu kunyowa pamwamba. Amathira madzi pa chitsanzo cha nsalu yolimba pansi pa mikhalidwe yolamulidwa. Kenako, amayesa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe onyowa. Muyeso wa mayesowo umachoka pa 0 (wonyowa mokwanira) mpaka 100 (osamatirira madontho). Ogula akunja nthawi zambiri amafuna magiredi opitilira 90 pa majekete akunja. Mayesowa amathandiza kuwunika kukana kwa madzi kwa nsalu zosiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zake zimadalira ulusi, ulusi, kapangidwe ka nsalu, ndi kumaliza.
Mayeso ena amathandizanso kuti pakhale chithunzi chonse chamagwiridwe antchito a nsalu:
- Mayeso otayaIzi zimayang'ana momwe madzi amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amagubudukira pamwamba.
- Kuyesa kwa kuyamwa kwa madzi (Mayeso a malo): Ndimagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti ndione kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe nsaluyo imayamwa.
- AATCC 42Izi zimayesa kulowa kwa madzi mu magalamu. Mwachitsanzo, zovala zachipatala zingafunike zosakwana 1.0 g/m.
- Mayeso a Bundesmann (DIN 53888)Izi zimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amalowa komanso kukana kukwawa. Ndi yoyenera zovala zantchito ndi nsalu zolemera.
Kupatula kupewa madzi, ndimaganiziranso zinaKapangidwe ka nsalu kuti igwire bwino ntchito:
- GSM (Magalamu pa mita imodzi ya sikweya)Izi zikundidziwitsa kulemera kwa nsalu.
- Mphamvu yophulika: Ndimayang'ana izi kuti ndione ngati sizingang'ambike.
- Kulimba kwamakokedweIzi zimayesa mphamvu yomwe nsaluyo ingapirire isanasweke.
- Kukana kwa abrasion (ASTM D4966, choyesera abrasion cha Martindale)Izi zikusonyeza momwe nsaluyo imagonjetsera kuwonongeka chifukwa chokanda.
- Kulowa kwa mpweya: Ndikuyang'ana izi kuti ndione ngati mpweya umatha.
- Kuthamanga kwa utoto kuti usambidwe (ISO 105 C03)Izi zimatsimikizira kuti mitundu siitha ikatha kutsukidwa.
- Kuthamanga kwa utoto ku madzi (ISO 105 E01)Izi zimayang'ana kukhazikika kwa mtundu pamene uli wonyowa.
- Kuthamanga kwa utoto mpaka thukuta (ISO 105-E04): Ndimagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti ndione ngati thukuta likukhudza mtundu.
- Kuthamanga kwa kupukuta (ISO-105-X 12)Izi zimayesa kuchuluka kwa mtundu womwe umasamutsidwa ukapakidwa.
Ponena za zovala zantchito, nthawi zambiri ndimagwiritsa ntchitoMuyezo wa EN 343 (UK)Muyezo uwu umayesa chovala chonse. Umaganizira kukana madzi kwa nsalu ndi misoko, kapangidwe ka chovala, magwiridwe antchito, ndi kukana kupuma. Umagawa zovala m'magulu anayi (Kalasi 1 mpaka Kalasi 4) kuti zisalowe m'madzi komanso kuti zisalowe m'mapapo. Kalasi 4:4 imapereka chitetezo chapamwamba kwambiri. Ndimaona kuti muyezo uwu ndi wothandiza kwambiri posankha nsalu yolimba yoluka yomwe siilowa m'mapapo.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kulimba kwa Mapeto
Ndaphunzira kuti ngakhale zovala zabwino kwambiri zoteteza madzi sizimakhalapo kwamuyaya. Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhudza kulimba kwawo. Kumvetsa izi kumandithandiza kusamalira bwino zovala zanga zogwirira ntchito.
Nkhani imodzi yaikulu ndikuipitsidwa. Zomaliza za DWR, kuphatikizapo sera ndi silicones, zimaipitsidwa mosavuta ndi dothi ndi mafuta. Kuipitsidwa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zomalizazi zitaye mphamvu zawo mwachangu. DWR ikawonongeka, pamwamba pa nsaluyo pamakhala madzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti khungu likhale lonyowa komanso lonyowa, ngakhale madzi asalowe m'chovalacho. Kutayika kumeneku kumachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito ya chovalacho.
KutupaKomanso imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kutupa kwachilengedwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zovala zosalowa madzi. Kutupa kumeneku kumabweretsa madera omwe DWR imatayika pakapita nthawi. Kutupa kwambiri kuchokera kuzinthu monga miyala, kukhudzana mobwerezabwereza ndi malamba a m'chiuno ndi zingwe za mapewa, kapena kutsuka zovala kangapo kumachepetsa magwiridwe antchito a DWR. Izi zikachitika, kugwiritsanso ntchito DWR kumakhala kofunikira.
Zosayeneranjira zochapira zovalaakhoza kuwononga kwambiri ma DWR finishes. Ndapeza kuti sopo wamba wochapira zovala amawononga mphamvu za DWR. Amayika zotsalira za mankhwala. Zotsalira izi, zomwe zimatha kusonkhana mpaka 2% ya kulemera kwa nsalu, zimakhala ndi mafuta onunkhira, utoto wowunikira wa UV, mchere, zinthu zopangira zinthu, zothandizira kukonza, mafuta ochapira makina, mafuta, mafuta, ndi ma polima. Zotsalira izi zimalimbitsa nsalu, zimamanga ulusi, ndikuphimba fluoropolymer mu DWR. Zimaletsa madzi kuti asatuluke ndipo zimapangitsa kuti alowe mu nsalu. Zofewetsa nsalu zimawonjezera vutoli powonjezera zotsalira zambiri.
Nthawi zonse ndimalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito sopo wothira pH-neutral wopangidwira zovala zakunja. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochokera m'madzi, zimatha kuwola, komanso sizili ndi utoto, zoyera, zowunikira, kapena zonunkhira. Zotsukira zoyenera khungu lofewa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotetezeka pazida. Ndimapewa sopo wamba, bleach, zofewetsa nsalu, komanso zotsukira zouma. Izi zimatha kutseka ma pores, kuwononga zophimba za DWR, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi/kupumira.
Kuti ndiwonjezere moyo wa zovala zogwirira ntchito zoletsa madzi, ndimatsatira njira zina zosamalira:
- Kuyambitsanso: Njirayi imabwezeretsa mawonekedwe oyambirira oletsa madzi. Imafuna kutentha ndi nthawi. Ndingathe kuchita izi mwa kuumitsa chovalacho pa kutentha kochepa kwa mphindi pafupifupi 30, ngati chizindikiro chosamalira chilola. Tawulo lonyowa lingathandize ngati choumitsira chazimitsa msanga. Ngati madzi atuluka pa nsalu, kuyambiranso kugwira ntchito bwino. Ndingathenso kusita chovalacho pa kutentha kochepa popanda nthunzi, ndikuyika thaulo pakati pa chitsulocho ndi chovalacho.
- KuberekaIzi zimabwezeretsa gawo loletsa madzi ndi dothi. Limachepa pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka. Kubwezeretsanso kumafunika pamene madzi sakutulukanso pambuyo potsuka ndi kuumitsa. Ndikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera ochapira mu makina ochapira pang'onopang'ono. Kapena, ndimapaka mankhwala opopera pa zovala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera potsuka m'manja.
- Chisamaliro Chachikulu: Nthawi zonse ndimatsuka zovala zantchito popanda chofewetsa nsalu ndisanapereke mimba. Ndimatsatira malangizo a chizindikiro chosamalira nsalu komanso chothandizira kupatsa mimba.
Ndimaona kusintha kwa ukadaulo woletsa madzi. Tsopano umagwirizanitsa magwiridwe antchito abwino ndi udindo pa chilengedwe. Kupanga zinthu zatsopano nthawi zonse kumapereka mayankho ogwira mtima komanso otetezeka kwa ogwira ntchito. Kumvetsetsa zomalizazi kumandithandiza kusankha ndi kusamalira zovala zogwirira ntchito zabwino kwambiri, kuonetsetsa kuti ndikukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso womasuka.
FAQ
Kodi DWR ndi chiyani?
Ndimasulira DWR ngatiCholimba Choletsa MadziNdi chophimba chapadera. Chophimba ichi chimapangitsa nsalu kukhala zosalowa madzi.
Nchifukwa chiyani PFC ndi vuto?
Ndikudziwa kuti PFC ndi vuto lalikulu. Zimawonjezeka m'malo ozungulira. Zimakhudzananso ndi mavuto azaumoyo.
Kodi ndingayambitsenso bwanji DWR?
Ndimayatsanso DWR ndi kutentha. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito choumitsira cha tumble pa moto wochepa. Ndingagwiritsenso ntchito chitsulo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-21-2025