Imbere y'imyenda igezweho y'akazi, imyenda irinda amazi

Imyenda igezweho iboshye igera ku rwego rwo kwirinda amazi binyuze mu miti yihariye. Iyi myenda ihindura ubushyuhe bw'ubuso, bigatuma amazi ahinduka imisatsi. Ibi bituma habahoimyenda irinda amazi, ni ingenzi ku bintu nkaigitambaro cya polyester spandex cyo gusukura kwa muganga, Igitambaro cya TSP cyo kwambara mu buvuzi, naIgitambaro cy'imyenda y'ibitaro bya TSP, akenshi nk'ukoIgitambaro cyoroshye cyo kwitaho cya TSPIri soko ryari miliyoni 2572.84 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu 2023.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Gusiga irangi ryihariyeimyenda y'akaziGukuraho amazi. Izi myenda zihindura ubuso bw'imyenda. Amazi ahita azamuka hanyuma akagenda azunguruka, bigatuma uguma wumye.
• Imiti ishaje irinda amazi, yitwa PFCs, yangiza ibidukikije n'ubuzima. Ubu hari uburyo bushya kandi bwizewe bwo kurinda imyenda nta ngaruka zihari.
• Ushoboratuma imyenda yawe irinda amazi iramba igihe kirekireBisukure neza kandi ukoreshe ubushyuhe kugira ngo wongere ubushyuhe ku gitambaro. Ibi bifasha umwenda gukumira amazi.

Ubumenyi bw'Imyenda Idakoresha Amazi mu Bikoresho

Gusobanukirwa DWR (Irinda Amazi Gukomera)

Iyo ndebyeimyenda y'akazi igezweho, mbona udushya twinshi, cyane cyane mu buryo imyenda ifata amazi. Ibanga rikunze kuba mu kintu cyitwa Durable Water Repellent, cyangwa DWR. DWR ni urwego rwihariye rukora irangi rikoreshwa mu myenda. Iri rangi rituma imyenda idapfa amazi, cyangwa ikaba idapfa amazi. Mu mateka, imiti myinshi ya DWR yakoreshaga fluoropolymers. Iyi rangi akenshi iba nto cyane. Abakora bayikoresha batera cyangwa bayishyira mu cyuma gikoresha imiti. Bashobora kandi gukoresha chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD ni nziza kuko ikoresha imiti mike yangiza kandi ikoresha DWR nke. Ikora kandi urwego rworoshye cyane rudahindura uko imyenda isa cyangwa uko yumva cyane.

DWR ikora igabanya ingufu zidafite ubuso bw'ikintu. Ibi bivuze ko ingufu z'ubuso bw'igitambaro ziba nkeya ugereranyije n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi. Iyo amazi aguye ku gitambaro, akora amasaro hanyuma akagenda azunguruka. Ibi bibuza amazi kwinjiramo, bigatuma uhora wumva woroshye kandi wumye. Kwirinda amazi mu myenda biterwa n'ingano y'amazi afashe ku buso bukomeye. Kudafata neza bivuze ko birushaho kwirinda. Ubushobozi bw'igitambaro bwo kwihanganira amazi buterwa n'ibintu byinshi: imiterere y'ubuso bwacyo, uburyo giteye ubwoba, uburyo gifite imyenge, n'ibindi bintu biri kuri cyo. Imyenda iboshye cyane na yo irafasha. Kongeramo utunyangingo duto dushobora kugabanya imiyoboro y'amazi, bigatuma amazi arushaho kubura.

Kwirinda amazi ni uguhindura ubushyuhe bw'ubuso. Molekile z'amazi zikunda gufatana aho gufatana ku mwenda wavuwe. Ibi tubigeraho dukoresheje imiti yihariye. Iyi miti ikora urwego rudafata amazi ku mwenda. Uru rwego rubuza ibitonyanga by'amazi kwinjiramo. Ahubwo, ibitonyanga birazamuka bikanagenda. Iyi miti irangiza imikorere yayo ikora mu buryo bubiri. Ubwa mbere, imiti nka fluorocarbons cyangwa silicones bigabanya ingufu z'ubuso bw'imigozi. Ibi bituma bigora amazi gukwirakwira. Icya kabiri, imiti igezweho ikora ubuso buto kandi bufite imiterere ku rugero ruto. Ibi bigabanya ahantu hahurira ibitonyanga by'amazi n'umwenda, bigatuma amazi arushaho kwiyongera.

Ingaruka zo kurohama amazi zikoresha umuvuduko w'ubuso. Udupfuka tworoshye tudakoresha amazi n'udupfuka tworoshye ntabwo ari polari. Ibi bivuze ko molekile z'amazi zidashobora gukorana nabyo. Bityo, ibitonyanga by'amazi biguma hejuru, bifatanye n'imbaraga zabyo. Iyo agatonyanga kabaye gakomeye cyane, imbaraga rukuruzi ziragikurura. Udupfuka two kurohama amazi dukomeza gukoreshwa mu gusukura cyangwa mu kwibiza. Imyenda yinjizwa mu bisubizo hamwe n'imiti irwanya amazi, hanyuma iruma. Uko yumye, iyi miti, nka silikoni, ishashi, cyangwa fluorocarbon zimwe na zimwe, ifatana n'imigozi imwe imwe. Ibi bihindura umuvuduko w'ubuso bw'imigozi. Bituma bigorana ko amazi n'ibindi bintu binywa byinjira cyangwa bigafatana n'umwenda.

Ubutabire bwo gutoteza amazi: PFC n'izindi nzira

Mu gihe kirekire, imiti ikoreshwa muri DWR yari ibintu bya per- na polyfluoroalkyl, cyangwa PFC. By'umwihariko, fluorocarboni za C8 zo mu mugozi muremure ni zo zari zisanzwe. Iyi miti yari ifite akamaro cyane mu kwirukana amazi na peteroli. Yari ifite kandi ubushobozi bwo guhagarara neza mu binyabutabire no mu bushyuhe. Ariko, twamenye impungenge z'ibidukikije n'ubuzima zifitanye isano n'iyi miti. Nyuma y'uko fluorocarboni za C8 zihagaritswe, uburyo bwo kuvura fluorocarboni za C6 ​​zo mu mugozi mugufi bwabaye igisubizo cy'agateganyo.

Ubu tuzi ko fluorotelomer, zigize PFC, zicikamo aside PFC mbi. Ibi byongera umwanda wa PFC. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bimera byitwa trout bwerekana ko uku kwangirika gushobora kubaho binyuze mu igogora. Ibi bitera impungenge ku kwanduza ibiryo no kwinjiza mu buryo butaziguye mu bantu. Inganda za fluorocarbon zigeze kuvuga ko kwangirika buhoro mu butaka. Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwa EPA bwagaragaje umuvuduko wihuta cyane. Banzuye ko kwangirika kwa fluorotelomer-polymer ari isoko ikomeye ya PFOA n'ibindi bintu bifite fluorine mu bidukikije. Fluorotelomer zishingiye kuri C6 nazo zicikamo aside PFC, nka PFHxA. Nubwo PFHxA ishobora kuba idateye akaga kurusha PFOA, iracyari ikibazo. Izindi aside fluorotelomer zikomoka kuri uku kwangirika zagaragaje uburozi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi.

PFC ni ikibazo kuko nyinshi zisenyuka buhoro buhoro. Zishobora kwiyongera mu bantu, mu matungo, no mu bidukikije uko igihe kigenda gihita. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko guhura na PFC zimwe na zimwe bishobora gutera ingaruka mbi ku buzima. Urugero, guhura na PFC bishobora gutinza ubwangavu mu bakobwa. Ibi bishobora gutera ibyago byinshi byo kurwara kanseri y'ibere, indwara z'impyiko, n'indwara ya tiroyide mu gihe cy'ubuzima. Byanagaragaye ko bifitanye isano no kugabanuka k'ubucucike bw'imyunyu ngugu mu magufwa mu bangavu, ibyo bikaba byatera osteoporosis. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana isano iri hagati yo guhura na PFC no kwiyongera k'ibyago byo kurwara diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 mu bagore. PFC zimwe na zimwe zishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri ya tiroyide. Ubushakashatsi bunini ku bantu n'amatungo bwerekana ko umwijima wangiritse bitewe no guhura na PFC. PFC ziyongera mu ngingo z'umubiri nk'umwijima, bishobora gutuma habaho indwara z'umwijima zirimo ibinure bitari inzoga.

Kubera izi mpungenge, mbona hari byinshi byo gushaka ubundi buryo budafite PFC. Amasosiyete menshi ubu atanga amahitamo meza. Urugero, Rockgeist itanga imyenda idafite PFC nka XPac's Cotton Duck series na EcoPak's south. Shell-Tech Free M325-SC1 na Shell-Tech Free 6053 ni ibikoresho bikozwe mu mazi bikoresha polymer zikoresha hydrophobic-reactive polymers. Bitanga ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amazi menshi kandi bimara igihe kinini byozwa. Altopel F3® ni ubundi buryo bwiza bwo gukoresha ipamba n'imigozi ya sintetike. Schoeller Textil AG yateguye Ecorepel®, irangi rya DWR ridafite PFC rigaragaza uburyo ibimera byirinda ubwabyo. Rikora agace gato gakikije imigozi kugira ngo rikureho amazi n'umwanda.

Izindi ngamba zizwi zo kwirinda PFC zirimo ibikoresho bya zeroF na ECOPERL by CHT, BIONIC-FINISH® ECO by Rudolf Group, na Ecoguard-SYN (Conc) by Sarex. Sciesent itanga ibikoresho bya Curb Water Repellent, bidafite fluorine 100% kandi bishobora kubora. Teflon EcoElite itanga ikoranabuhanga ritarimo fluorine. Daikin ifite Unidyne XF yo kwirinda amazi idafite PFC. DownTek itanga imiti igabanya amazi idafite PFC. NEI's Nanomyte SR-200EC na NICCA's Neoseed Series nabyo nta PFC bifite. Polartec yakuyeho PFAS mu buryo bwo kuvura DWR ku myenda yayo. Sympatex laminates zahoraga zitagira PFAS na PTFE. OrganoClick nta PFAS kandi ntizibora. Ndetse na Snickers Workwear itanga imiti yo kumesa imyenda idakoresha fluorocarbons.

Ubundi buryo butangaje ni Empel™. Igaragaza ko irwanya amazi cyane, ikanyunyuza kimwe cya gatatu cy'amazi ugereranije n'imyambaro ya mbere ya C0 na C6. Nta PFAS ifite kandi ntigira uburozi, ifite icyemezo cya Oeko-Tex®. Empel ikoresha uburyo bwo kuyikoresha butagira amazi, bugabanya umwanda n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu. Iramba igihe kirekire kuko ihuza molekile n'imigozi. Byongeye kandi, ikomeza koroshya kandi igahumeka, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi cyane ku mwenda woroshye wo mu kazi.

Gushyiramo imyenda irinda amazi ku mwenda wometseho imyenda y'akazi

Uburyo bwo Gukoresha Inganda

Ndumva ikoreshwa ry’inganda ry’ibikoresho byirinda amazi rishimishije. Abakora ibikoresho bakoresha cyane cyane uburyo bwitwa pad-dry-cure. Ubwa mbere, bashyira amazi mu maziumwenda w'akazi uboshyemu gisubizo. Iki gisubizo kirimo ibintu bifasha DWR, ibifunga, ibifasha kugabanya ubushyuhe, n'ibitera imbaraga. Hanyuma, utubumbe dukandagira igitambaro kugira ngo gikoreshwe neza. Hanyuma, bikuma ku gikoresho. Amaherezo, bigikiza ku bushyuhe n'igihe runaka. Iyi ntambwe yo kuvura ni ingenzi cyane. Ikora ku buryo ubushyuhe butangira. Urugero, kumisha biba hagati ya 100°C na 120°C. Gukuraho ubushyuhe biba kuri 150°C kugeza 180°C. Nanone nzi ko uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura DWR bukoreshwa mu bushyuhe. Kuzunguruka vuba mu cyuma cyumutsa ku muriro muto cyangwa uringaniye bishobora gufasha kongera kuzura. Ibi bisubiza ubushyuhe ku buso bw'igitambaro. Akenshi bisubiza amazi mu buryo butarimo gushya neza. Iyo ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amazi butangiye kugabanuka, ndatekereza kongera gukoresha DWR nkoresheje uburyo bwo kumisha mu muriro muto, niba icyapa cyo kwitaho kibinyemerera. Ku bintu bya Gore-Tex, nshobora no gukoresha icyuma gishyushye ku buryo bushyushye, ngashyira igitambaro hagati y'icyuma n'umwenda.

Imiterere y'imyenda n'uburyo iboha kugira ngo idapfa kwirukanwa

Uretse imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura, imiterere y'imyenda inafasha mu kwirinda amazi. Ndabona ko uburyo abakora imyenda babohamo imyenda bugira itandukaniro rikomeye. Imyenda iboshye cyane irwanya amazi kurusha imyenda iboshye. Imigozi yegeranye itera uruzitiro rurerure. Ibi bituma bitoroshye ko amazi yinjira. Tekereza ku kintu gito cyane,umwenda w'akazi uboshye cyaneAmazi arwana no kubona icyuho cyo kunyuramo. Uku kudakora neza kw'umubiri bikora hamwe n'ibara rya DWR. Bikora umwenda mwiza kandi uramba udacana amazi. Urugero, irangi risanzwe, rifite imiterere yoroshye yo hejuru, rishobora kuba rinini cyane. Ubu bucucike bugabanya ingano y'imyenge mu mwenda. Imyenge mito bivuze ko amazi ashobora kwinjiramo muke. Uku guhuza irangi rito n'uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura DWR biduha uburinzi bwiza.

Imikorere, Kuramba, no Kubungabunga

Gupima Ingufu zo Kwirukana Amazi

Nkunda kwibaza uburyo abakora bamenya niba irangi ririnda amazi rikora koko. Bakoresha ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere n'ibizamini. Ibi bizamini bidufasha gusobanukirwa uburyo umwenda urwanya amazi.

Ikizamini kimwe gisanzwe niIkizamini cy'umutwe gikoreshwa n'amazi (AATCC 127). Ndabona iki kizamini gipima igitutu cy'amazi igitambaro gishobora kwihanganira mbere yuko amazi akinjiramo. Bashyira igitambaro munsi y'inkingi y'amazi. Uburebure bw'inkingi y'amazi, bupimwe muri milimetero (mm H₂O), bugaragaza ko igitambaro kidakora neza. Urugero, nzi ko imyenda ifite mm zirenga 1000 ifatwa nk'idakoreshwa amazi. Mu bihe bikomeye, nk'amahema cyangwa ibikoresho bya gisirikare, bisaba mm zirenga 3000. Ikizamini cya AATCC 127 gikoresha ipompo igenzurwa n'ikoranabuhanga. Gishyira igitutu cy'amazi munsi y'igitambaro. Itara ryo kureba rifasha kumenya ibitonyanga by'amazi. Iki kizamini gikunze kugaragara ku myenda yo hanze ya siporo n'ibikoresho byo kwirinda kwa muganga.

Ikindi kizamini cy'ingenzi niIkizamini cyo Gupima Indwara (ISO 4920: 2012 cyangwa AATCC 22). Ndasanga iki kizamini gisuzuma ubushobozi bw'imyenda bwo guhangana n'amazi yo kunyagirwa hejuru. Batera amazi ku gipimo cy'imyenda ikomeye mu gihe bagenzuye. Hanyuma, bapima imiterere y'imyenda yatose. Igipimo cy'amanota kiva kuri 0 (ifite amazi yose) kikagera kuri 100 (nta bitonyanga bifata). Abaguzi mpuzamahanga bakunze gusaba amanota arenga 90 ku makoti yo hanze. Iki kizamini gifasha gusuzuma ubushobozi bw'imyenda itandukanye yo kunyagirwa. Ibisubizo biterwa n'imigozi, ubudodo, imiterere y'imyenda, n'irangi.

Ibindi bizamini nabyo bigira uruhare mu gutanga ishusho yuzuye yaimikorere y'imyenda:

• Ikizamini cyo gusiba: Ibi bigenzura uburyo amazi azunguruka n'uko azunguruka hejuru.
• Ikizamini cyo kwinjiza amaraso mu mubiri (Ikizamini cy'aho umuntu atuye): Nkoresha ibi kugira ngo ndebe ingano y'amazi igitambaro cyinjiza.
• AATCC 42: Ibi bipima kwinjira mu mazi muri garama. Urugero, imyenda yo kwa muganga ishobora gukenera munsi ya 1.0 g/m.
• Ikizamini cya Bundesmann (DIN 53888): Ibi bigena igipimo cy’amazi anyobwa ndetse n’uburyo adashobora kwangirika. Bikwiriye imyenda y’akazi n’imyenda ikomeye.

Uretse kwirinda amazi, ntekereza no ku bindiImiterere y'imyenda kugira ngo ikore neza muri rusange:

• GSM (Garama kuri Metero kare): Ibi bimbwira uburemere bw'umwenda.
• Imbaraga zo guturika: Ndasuzuma ibi kugira ngo menye niba bidashobora gucika.
• Imbaraga zo gukurura: Ibi bipima imbaraga umwenda ushobora kwihanganira mbere yo kuvunika.
• Ubudahangarwa bw'imikurire (ASTM D4966, ikizamini cya Martindale cyo gupima imikurire): Ibi bigaragaza uburyo umwenda urinda kwangirika bitewe no gusigwa.
• Ingufu z'umwuka zituruka ku guhumeka: Ndareba ibi kugira ngo ndebe uburyo bwo guhumeka.
• Ibara ryihuse ryo gukaraba (ISO 105 C03): Ibi bituma amabara adashira nyuma yo kumesa.
• Ibara ryihuse ku mazi (ISO 105 E01): Ibi bigenzura ibara rihamye iyo ritose.
• Ibara ryihuse ku byuya (ISO 105-E04): Nkoresha ibi kugira ngo ndebe niba ibyuya bigira ingaruka ku ibara.
• Uburyo bwo gukaraba vuba (ISO-105-X 12): Ibi bipima ingano y'amabara iyo asutswe.

Ku bijyanye n'imyenda yo gukora, nkunda kuvuga kuEN 343 Standard (Ubwongereza). Iri hame risuzuma imyenda yose. Risuzuma ubushobozi bw'imyenda n'imigozi bihangana n'amazi, imiterere y'imyenda, imikorere yayo, n'ubushobozi bwo guhumeka. Rishyira imyenda mu byiciro bine (Icyiciro cya 1 kugeza Icyiciro cya 4) haba mu kwirinda amazi no guhumeka. Icyiciro cya 4:4 gitanga uburinzi bwo hejuru. Nsanga iri hame rifasha cyane mu guhitamo imyenda y'akazi yizewe kandi iboshye idahumeka amazi.

Ibintu Bigira Ingaruka Ku Kuramba Kwayo

Namenye ko n'imyambaro myiza cyane irinda amazi idahoraho iteka ryose. Hari ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku kuramba kwayo. Kubyumva bimfasha kugumana imyenda yanjye y'akazi neza.

Ikibazo kimwe gikomeye nikwanduza. Imyambaro ya DWR, harimo na wara na silicone, byoroshye kwanduzwa n'umwanda n'amavuta. Ubu bwandu butuma iyi myambaro itakaza ubushobozi bwayo vuba. Iyo DWR yangiritse, ubuso bw'imyenda buhinduka ubutose. Ibi bituma uruhu rusa n'aho rutose, nubwo amazi atagera mu myenda. Uku kubura ubushobozi bigabanya igihe cyo gukora kw'imyenda.

UbusatsiNabyo bigira uruhare runini. Gushwanyagurika bisanzwe no gukoreshwa kenshi bitera kwangirika no gushwanyagurika ku myenda idapfa amazi. Uku kwangirika no gushwanyagurika bitera ahantu DWR irangira uko igihe kigenda gihita. Gushwanyagurika gukabije guturuka ahantu nk'amabuye, gukoraho imikandara yo ku rutugu no ku mpande zombi, cyangwa gukaraba inshuro nyinshi bigabanya imikorere ya DWR. Iyo ibi bibaye, kongera gukoresha DWR biba ngombwa.

Ibitari bikwiyeimyitozo yo kumesabishobora kwangiza cyane imitako ya DWR. Nasanze isabune isanzwe yo kumesa imyenda yangiza imiterere ya DWR. Ishyiramo ibisigazwa bya shimi. Ibi bisigazwa, bishobora kwirundanya kugeza kuri 2% by'uburemere bw'imyenda, bigizwe n'imibavu, amarangi yo guhanagura UV, umunyu, surfactants, ibikoresho byo gutunganya, amavuta yo kumesa imashini, amavuta, ibinure, na polymers. Ibi bisigazwa bikomeza imyenda, bigafata imigozi, kandi bigapfuka fluoropolymer iri muri DWR. Bibuza amazi kuzamuka bigatuma yinjira mu mwenda. Ibikoresho byoroshya imyenda birushaho kongera iki kibazo iyo byongeyemo ibindi bisigazwa.

Buri gihe nsaba gukoresha isabune zitagira pH zagenewe imyenda y'imbere. Izi akenshi ziba zishingiye ku mazi, zishobora kwangirika, kandi nta marangi, ibintu bikora uruhu rw'umweru, ibintu bitanga ubushyuhe, cyangwa impumuro nziza. Isabune zikwiriye uruhu rworoshye akenshi ziba zifite umutekano ku bikoresho. Ndirinda isabune zisanzwe, isabune, isabune yoroshya imyenda, ndetse n'isabune yumye. Izi sabune zishobora kuziba imyenge, kwangiza irangi rya DWR, no kugabanya amanota yo guhumeka adapfa cyangwa adahumeka.

Kugira ngo nongere igihe cyo gukora imyenda irinda amazi, nkurikiza amabwiriza yihariye yo kuyibungabunga:

• Kongera gukoresha: Ubu buryo bugarura irangi ry’umwimerere ririnda amazi. Bisaba ubushyuhe n’igihe. Nabigeraho numisha imyenda ku bushyuhe buke mu gihe cy’iminota 30, niba icyapa cyo kuyirinda kibinyemerera. Igitambaro gitose gishobora gufasha mu gihe icyuma cyumisha kizimya kare. Iyo amazi ashize ku mwenda, kongera kuwukoresha byagenze neza. Nashoboraga kandi gutera ipasi imyenda yumye ku bushyuhe buke nta mwuka ushyushye, ngashyira igitambaro hagati y’icyuma n’umwenda.
• Gutera inda: Ibi bivugurura urwego rurinda amazi n'umwanda. Bigabanuka uko igihe kigenda gihita bitewe no kwangirika. Gutera umwuka wongera gukoreshwa birakenewe iyo amazi atakivamo nyuma yo kumesa no kumisha. Nshobora gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye byo kumesa mu mashini imesa buhoro buhoro. Ubundi buryo, nshyira spray yo gutera umwuka ku mwenda cyangwa nkoresheje ibikoresho byihariye mu gihe cyo gukaraba intoki.
• Ubuvuzi Rusange: Buri gihe mba ndoza imyenda y'akazi nta kintu cyoroshya imyenda mbere yo kuyitera inda. Nkurikiza amabwiriza yo kwita ku myenda ndetse n'ayo kuyitera inda.

Ndareba iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ririnda amazi. Ubu rihuza imikorere myiza n'inshingano zo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Guhanga udushya bihoraho bitanga ibisubizo byiza kandi bitekanye ku bakozi. Gusobanukirwa ibi bikoresho bimfasha guhitamo no kugumana imyenda myiza yo gukora, bigatuma nkomeza gukora neza kandi bikanatuma numva meze neza.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

DWR ni iki?

Ndasobanura DWR nk'ukoImara Irwanya AmaziNi irangi ryihariye. Iri rangi rituma imyenda idapfa amazi.

Kuki PFC ari ikibazo?

Nzi ko PFC ari ikibazo gikomeye. Zikomeza kwiyongera mu bidukikije. Zifitanye isano kandi n'ibibazo by'ubuzima.

Nakongera gukoresha DWR gute?

Nkongera gukoresha DWR nkoresheje ubushyuhe. Nkoresha icyuma cyumisha amazi ku muriro muke. Nshobora no gukoresha icyuma gitera amashanyarazi.