Ua hoʻomaka ia me ka spandex, kahi anagram "hoʻonui" akamai i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka mea kemika DuPont ʻo Joseph Shivers.
I ka makahiki 1922, ua kaulana ʻo Johnny Weissmuller no ka hoʻokani ʻana iā Tarzan ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka 100-mika freestyle i loko o 58.6 kekona ma lalo o hoʻokahi minuke, e hoʻopūʻiwa ana i ka honua haʻuki. ʻAʻohe mea i mālama a ʻike paha i ke ʻano o ka lole ʻauʻau āna e ʻaʻahu nei. He pulupulu maʻalahi ia. He ʻokoʻa loa ia me ke kapa ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe i ʻaʻahu ʻia e ka ʻAmelika ʻo Caleb Drexel nāna i lanakila i ka mekala gula i loko o 47.02 kekona ma ka ʻOlumepika Tokyo!
ʻOiaʻiʻo, i loko o nā makahiki 100, ua loli nā ʻano hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻoiai ke kau nei ʻo Weissmuller i ke ʻano o ke ola. Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hahai nui i ka ʻai mea kanu a Kauka John Harvey Kellogg, ka enema a me ka hoʻoikaika kino. ʻAʻole ʻo Dressel he mea kanu. Makemake ʻo ia i ka ʻiʻo moa a hoʻomaka i kona lā me ka ʻaina kakahiaka kiʻekiʻe-carb. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa maoli ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. Hoʻokele ʻo Drexel i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pilikino ma ka pūnaewele ma nā mīkini hoe a me nā paikikala paʻa. Akā, ʻaʻohe kānalua he ʻokoʻa hoʻi kāna ʻauʻau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia he waiwai o 10 kekona, akā i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā mea ʻauʻau kiʻekiʻe o kēia lā e kahi hapa o ke kekona, lilo ka lole a me ke ʻano o ka ʻauʻau i mea nui loa.
Pono e hoʻomaka kekahi kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka ʻenehana ʻauʻau me ka hana mana o ka spandex. He mea synthetic ka Spandex hiki ke kīkoʻo e like me ka laholio a hoʻi kilokilo i kona ʻano mua. Akā ʻaʻole like me ka laholio, hiki ke hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā olonā a hiki ke ulana ʻia i loko o nā lole. He anagram "hoʻonui" akamai ʻo Spandex i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka mea kemika DuPont ʻo Joseph Schiffer ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a William Chachi, ka mea kaulana no ka hana ʻana i ka cellophane wai ʻole ma ka uhi ʻana i ka mea me kahi papa o ka nitrocellulose. ʻAʻole ka manaʻo mua o Shivers i ka hana hou ʻana i nā lole haʻuki. I kēlā manawa, ʻo nā kāʻei i hana ʻia me ka laholio he ʻāpana maʻamau o nā lole wahine, akā ua nele ka noi no ka laholio. ʻO ka pilikia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mea synthetic hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā kāʻei ma ke ʻano he koho ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻolauna ʻo DuPont i nā polymers e like me ka nylon a me ka polyester i ka mākeke a he ʻike loea nui i ka synthesis o nā macromolecules. Hana ʻo Shivers i ka spandex ma ka synthesizing "block copolymers" me nā ʻāpana elastic a paʻa. Aia kekahi mau lālā e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e "crosslink" i nā molekala e hāʻawi i ka ikaika. ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka spandex me ka pulupulu, ka lole olonā, ka nylon a i ʻole ka hulu hipa he mea elastic a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi e ʻaʻahu. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻoihana he nui e hana i kēia lole, ua noi ʻo DuPont no kahi patent no kāna mana o ka spandex ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo "Lycra".
I ka makahiki 1973, ua ʻaʻahu nā mea ʻauʻau Kelemania Hikina i nā lole ʻauʻau spandex no ka manawa mua, e uhaʻi ana i nā moʻolelo. ʻOi aku paha ka pili o kēia i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā steroids, akā hoʻolilo ia i nā lako hoʻokūkū a Speedo i mea hoʻololi. I hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1928, he mea hana ʻauʻau ʻepekema ka hui, e pani ana i ka pulupulu me ka silika i loko o kāna mau lole ʻauʻau "Racerback" e hōʻemi i ke kū'ē. I kēia manawa, i hoʻokele ʻia e ka holomua o nā Kelemania Hikina, ua hoʻololi ʻo Speedo i ka uhi ʻana i ka spandex me Teflon, a ua hoʻopololei i nā kualono liʻiliʻi ʻano V e like me ka ʻili manō ma luna, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia e hōʻemi i ka haunaele.
I ka makahiki 2000, ua lilo kēia i lole kino piha i hoʻemi hou aku i ke kū'ē'ē, no ka mea, ua ʻike ʻia ua pipili paʻa ka wai i ka ʻili ma mua o nā mea ʻauʻau. I ka makahiki 2008, ua pani ʻia ka polytetrafluoroethylene i nā panela polyurethane i kau ʻia ma ke ʻano kūpono. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia lole i hana ʻia me Lycra, nylon a me ka polyurethane e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻeke ea liʻiliʻi e lana ai nā mea ʻauʻau. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi ma ʻaneʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kū'ē'ē o ka ea ma mua o ke kū'ē'ē o ka wai. Ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi mau hui e hoʻohana i nā lole polyurethane maʻemaʻe no ka mea, ua omo maikaʻi loa kēia mea i ka ea. Me kēlā me kēia o kēia mau "breakthroughs", emi ka manawa a piʻi aʻe nā kumukūʻai. Hiki i kahi lole ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai ma mua o $500.
Ua komo ka huaʻōlelo "nā mea hoʻoulu loea" i kā mākou huaʻōlelo. I ka makahiki 2009, ua hoʻoholo ka International Swimming Administration (FINA) e kaulike i ke kahua a pāpā i nā ʻauʻau kino piha a me nā ʻauʻau i hana ʻia me nā lole i ulana ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻole kēia i hoʻōki i ka heihei e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā lole komo, ʻoiai ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui o nā ʻili kino e hiki ai iā lākou ke uhi. No nā ʻOlumepika Tokyo, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Speedo i kahi lole komo hou i hana ʻia me ʻekolu papa o nā lole like ʻole, nona ka ʻike ponoʻī.
ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ʻo Spandex i nā lole ʻauʻau. ʻO nā mea heʻe hau, e like me nā mea holo paikikala, e ʻomi i loko o kahi lole spandex laumania e hōʻemi i ke kū'ē ʻana o ka ea. ʻO nā lole komo o nā wahine ke kuleana nui o ka ʻoihana, a hana ʻo spandex iā ia i nā leggings a me nā jeans, e ʻomi ana i ke kino i ke kūlana kūpono e hūnā i nā puʻupuʻu makemake ʻole ʻia. No ka mea e pili ana i ka hana hou ʻauʻau, malia paha e pīpī wale nā mea hoʻokūkū i ko lākou kino ʻōlohelohe me kahi polymer e hoʻopau i kekahi kū'ē ʻana o ka ʻauʻau! Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hoʻokūkū nā Olympians mua i ke ʻano ʻōlohelohe.
ʻO Joe Schwarcz ke alakaʻi o ke Keʻena ʻEpekema a me ka ʻAhahui o ke Kulanui ʻo McGill (mcgill.ca/oss). Hoʻokipa ʻo ia i ka The Dr. Joe Show ma CJAD Radio 800 AM i kēlā me kēia Lāpule mai ka hola 3 a i ka hola 4 pm.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻOkakopa-22-2021