Ua hoʻomaka me ka spandex, kahi anagram "expansion" akamai i hoʻomohala ʻia e DuPont chemist Joseph Shivers.
I ka makahiki 1922, ua kaulana ʻo Johnny Weissmuller no ka pāʻani ʻana iā Tarzan ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.Ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka 100-mika kaila manuahi i 58.6 kekona ma lalo o hoʻokahi minuke, e hoʻopūʻiwa i ka honua haʻuki.ʻAʻohe mea i mālama a ʻike i ke ʻano o ke kapa ʻauʻau āna e ʻaʻahu nei.He pulupulu maʻalahi.He ʻokoʻa loa ia me ka lole ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a ʻAmelika ʻo Caleb Drexel i lanakila i ka mekala gula ma 47.02 kekona ma ka ʻOlumepika Tokyo!
ʻOiaʻiʻo, i loko o nā makahiki 100, ua loli ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo Weissmuller e hoʻoikaika i ka nohona.Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hahai i ka ʻai meaʻai a Kauka John Harvey Kellogg, enema a me ka hoʻoikaika kino.ʻAʻole ʻo Dressel kahi meaʻai meaʻai.Makemake ʻo ia i ka meatloaf a hoʻomaka i kona lā me ka ʻaina kakahiaka nui-carb.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa maoli ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa.Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo Drexel i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pilikino pili pūnaewele ma nā mīkini hoe a me nā paikikala paʻa.Akā, ʻaʻohe mea kānalua i kāna ʻauʻau ʻauʻau hoʻi ke ʻano ʻokoʻa.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ka waiwai o 10 kekona, akā i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā mea ʻauʻau kiʻekiʻe o kēia lā e kahi hapa o ke kekona, lilo ka lole a me ke ʻano o ka ʻauʻau i mea nui loa.
Pono e hoʻomaka kekahi kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka ʻenehana ʻauʻau me ka hana mana o spandex.ʻO Spandex kahi mea synthetic hiki ke hoʻolāʻau e like me ka lāʻau a hoʻi hou i kona ʻano kumu.Akā,ʻaʻole e like me ke kāpili, hiki ke hanaʻia ma keʻano o nā fibers a hiki ke ulanaʻia i nā lole.ʻO Spandex kahi anagram akamai "expansion" i hoʻomohala ʻia e DuPont chemist Joseph Schiffer ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a William Chachi, ka mea kaulana no ka hana ʻana i ka cellophane wai ma ka uhi ʻana i ka mea me kahi papa nitrocellulose.ʻAʻole ʻo Shivers ka manaʻo mua o ka hana ʻana i nā lole haʻuki.I kēlā manawa, ʻo nā pūhaka i hana ʻia i ka lāʻau he mea maʻamau ia o nā lole wahine, akā ʻaʻole lawa ka makemake no ka lāʻau.ʻO ka paʻakikī ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mea synthetic i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā pūhaka ma ke ʻano he koho.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻo DuPont i nā polymers e like me ka nylon a me ka polyester i ka mākeke a loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike nui i ka synthesis o macromolecules.Hoʻopuka ʻo Shivers i ka spandex ma ka synthesizing "block copolymers" me nā ʻāpana elastic a paʻa.Aia kekahi mau lālā i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e "crosslink" molekala e hāʻawi i ka ikaika.ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka spandex me ka pulupulu, ke olonā, ka nylon a i ʻole ka huluhulu he mea elastic a ʻoluʻolu e ʻaʻahu.I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hui he nui e hana i kēia lole, ua noi ʻo DuPont i kahi patent no kāna ʻano spandex ma lalo o ka inoa "Lycra".
I ka makahiki 1973, ʻauʻau ka poʻe ʻauʻau Hikina Hikina i nā lole ʻauʻau spandex no ka manawa mua, e wāwahi ana i nā moʻolelo.E pili ana paha kēia i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā steroids, akā hoʻololi ia i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū o Speedo.Hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1928, ʻo ka hui he mea hana lole ʻauʻau ʻepekema, hoʻololi i ka pulupulu me ka siliki i loko o kāna mau lole ʻauʻau "Racerback" e hōʻemi i ke kūʻē.I kēia manawa, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka kūleʻa o ka poʻe Kelemania Hikina, ua hoʻololi ʻo Speedo i ka uhi ʻana i ka spandex me Teflon, a hana i nā kuapo liʻiliʻi V-like me ka ʻili manō ma ka ʻili, i ʻōlelo ʻia e hōʻemi i ka haunaele.
Ma ka makahiki 2000, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia i loko o kahi lole holoʻokoʻa e hōʻemi hou i ke kūʻē ʻana, no ka mea, ua ʻike ʻia ka wai e pili pono i ka ʻili ma mua o nā mea ʻauʻau.I ka makahiki 2008, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā panela polyurethane i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia i ka polytetrafluoroethylene.Ua ʻike ʻia kēia lole i haku ʻia me Lycra, nylon a me ka polyurethane e pahele i nā ʻeke ea liʻiliʻi e lana ai ka poʻe ʻauʻau.ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka ea ma mua o ka pale wai.Ke ho'āʻo nei kekahi mau hui e hoʻohana i nā lole polyurethane maʻemaʻe no ka mea e hoʻopaʻa pono kēia mea i ka ea.Me kēlā me kēia "breakthroughs", e emi ana ka manawa a piʻi nā kumukūʻai.ʻOi aku paha ma mua o $500 ke kumukūʻai o ka lole ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "mea hoʻoikaika ʻenehana" i komo i kā mākou huaʻōlelo.I ka makahiki 2009, ua hoʻoholo ka International Swimming Administration (FINA) e kaulike i ke kahua a pāpā i nā lole ʻauʻau holoʻokoʻa a me nā lole ʻauʻau i hana ʻia me nā lole i ulana ʻole ʻia.ʻAʻole kēia i hoʻōki i ka heihei no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā lole, ʻoiai ua kaupalena ʻia ka helu o nā ʻili kino e hiki iā lākou ke uhi.No ka 'Olumepika o Tokyo, ua ho'opuka 'o Speedo i kekahi lole hou i hana 'ia me 'ekolu papa o ka lole like 'ole, nona ka 'ike nona ka 'ike.
ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka Spandex i nā lole ʻauʻau.ʻO nā skiers, e like me ka poʻe kaʻa kaʻa, kaomi i ka lole spandex maʻemaʻe e hōʻemi i ka pale ʻana i ka ea.ʻO ke kapa komo o nā wahine he hapa nui o ka ʻoihana, a ua hoʻolilo ʻo spandex iā ia i nā leggings a me nā jeans, e ʻoki ana i ke kino i kahi kūpono e hūnā i nā puʻupuʻu unwelcome.E pili ana i ka ʻauʻau ʻana, malia paha e kāpī wale ka poʻe hoʻokūkū i ko lākou kino ʻōlohelohe me kahi polymer e hoʻopau i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā lole ʻauʻau!Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hoʻokūkū kapa ʻole ka poʻe ʻOlumepika mua.
ʻO Joe Schwarcz ke alakaʻi o ke Keʻena ʻEpekema a me ka Society o McGill University (mcgill.ca/oss).Hoʻokipa ʻo ia i ka The Dr. Joe Show ma CJAD Radio 800 AM i kēlā me kēia Lāpule mai ka hola 3 a i ka hola 4 pm
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Oct-22-2021