Nws pib nrog spandex, ib qho anagram "expansion" uas tsim los ntawm DuPont chemist Joseph Shivers.
Xyoo 1922, Johnny Weissmuller tau txais koob meej vim nws ua si Tarzan hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab. Nws ua tiav qhov kev sib tw ua luam dej 100-meter freestyle hauv 58.6 vib nas this hauv tsawg dua ib feeb, ua rau lub ntiaj teb kev ua si xav tsis thoob. Tsis muaj leej twg mob siab lossis pom tias nws hnav khaub ncaws ua luam dej zoo li cas. Nws yog paj rwb yooj yim. Nws sib txawv ntawm cov khaub ncaws siv thev naus laus zis uas American Caleb Drexel hnav uas yeej lub npe kub hauv 47.02 vib nas this ntawm Tokyo Olympics!
Tau kawg, thaum 100 xyoo, cov txheej txheem kev cob qhia tau hloov pauv, txawm hais tias Weissmuller hais txog kev ua neej. Nws tau dhau los ua tus neeg mob siab rau Dr. John Harvey Kellogg txoj kev noj zaub mov tsis muaj nqaij, enema thiab kev tawm dag zog. Dressel tsis yog neeg tsis noj nqaij. Nws nyiam nqaij thiab pib nws hnub nrog pluas tshais uas muaj carbohydrate ntau. Qhov txawv tiag tiag yog kev cob qhia. Drexel ua kev cob qhia tus kheej online ntawm cov tshuab rowing thiab cov tsheb kauj vab. Tab sis tsis muaj kev poob siab tias nws cov khaub ncaws ua luam dej kuj ua qhov sib txawv. Tau kawg tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 10 vib nas this, tab sis thaum cov neeg ua luam dej zoo tshaj plaws niaj hnub no raug sib cais los ntawm ib feem ntawm ib pliag, cov ntaub thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khaub ncaws ua luam dej dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb heev.
Txhua qhov kev sib tham txog kev siv tshuab ua luam dej yuav tsum pib nrog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm spandex. Spandex yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws uas tuaj yeem ncab zoo li roj hmab thiab rov qab mus rau nws cov duab qub. Tab sis tsis zoo li roj hmab, nws tuaj yeem tsim tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov fibers thiab tuaj yeem woven rau hauv cov ntaub. Spandex yog ib qho ntse "expansion" anagram tsim los ntawm DuPont chemist Joseph Schiffer nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm William Chachi, uas nto moo rau kev tsim cov cellophane tsis muaj dej los ntawm kev txheej cov khoom nrog ib txheej ntawm nitrocellulose. Kev tsim kho tshiab cov khaub ncaws ua si tsis yog Shivers lub hom phiaj thawj zaug. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov hlua khi ua los ntawm roj hmab yog ib feem ntawm cov poj niam cov khaub ncaws, tab sis qhov kev thov rau roj hmab tsis txaus. Qhov kev sib tw yog los tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws uas tuaj yeem siv rau cov hlua khi ua lwm txoj hauv kev.
DuPont tau qhia txog cov polymers xws li nylon thiab polyester rau kev ua lag luam thiab muaj kev txawj ntse hauv kev tsim cov macromolecules. Shivers tsim cov spandex los ntawm kev tsim cov "block copolymers" nrog cov khoom sib hloov elastic thiab rigid. Kuj tseem muaj cov ceg uas tuaj yeem siv los "crosslink" molecules kom muab lub zog. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke spandex nrog paj rwb, linen, nylon lossis wool yog cov khoom siv uas yog elastic thiab xis hnav. Raws li ntau lub tuam txhab pib tsim cov ntaub no, DuPont tau thov rau patent rau nws cov version ntawm spandex nyob rau hauv lub npe "Lycra".
Xyoo 1973, cov neeg ua luam dej hauv East German tau hnav cov khaub ncaws ua luam dej spandex thawj zaug, ua rau cov ntaub ntawv poob qis. Qhov no tej zaum yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lawv siv cov tshuaj steroids, tab sis nws ua rau Speedo cov khoom siv sib tw tig mus. Lub tuam txhab tau tsim tsa xyoo 1928, yog lub tuam txhab tsim cov khaub ncaws ua luam dej raws li kev tshawb fawb, hloov paj rwb nrog cov ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav hauv nws cov khaub ncaws ua luam dej "Racerback" kom txo qhov tsis kam. Tam sim no, tsav los ntawm kev vam meej ntawm East Germans, Speedo hloov mus rau txheej spandex nrog Teflon, thiab ua cov kab me me V-zoo li daim tawv nqaij ntses ntawm qhov chaw, uas tau hais tias txo qhov kev co.
Los ntawm xyoo 2000, qhov no tau hloov mus ua ib lub tsho tag nrho lub cev uas txo qhov kev tiv thaiv ntxiv, vim tias dej tau pom tias lo rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ruaj khov dua li cov ntaub ua luam dej. Xyoo 2008, cov vaj huam sib luag polyurethane uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw zoo tau hloov polytetrafluoroethylene. Cov ntaub no tam sim no muaj Lycra, nylon thiab polyurethane tau pom tias ntes tau cov qhov cua me me uas ua rau cov neeg ua luam dej ntab. Qhov zoo ntawm no yog tias qhov kev tiv thaiv huab cua tsawg dua li qhov kev tiv thaiv dej. Qee lub tuam txhab sim siv cov khaub ncaws polyurethane ntshiab vim tias cov khoom siv no nqus tau huab cua zoo heev. Nrog txhua qhov "kev tshawb pom tshiab", lub sijhawm txo qis thiab tus nqi nce siab. Ib lub tsho high-tech tam sim no yuav raug nqi ntau dua $ 500.
Lo lus "kev txhawb zog kev ua si" tau nkag mus rau hauv peb cov lus. Xyoo 2009, Lub Koom Haum Ua Luam Dej Thoob Ntiaj Teb (FINA) tau txiav txim siab los sib npaug ntawm thaj chaw thiab txwv tsis pub hnav khaub ncaws ua luam dej puv lub cev thiab txhua yam khaub ncaws ua luam dej ua los ntawm cov ntaub tsis-woven. Qhov no tsis tau tiv thaiv kev sib tw kom txhim kho cov khaub ncaws, txawm hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov nto ntawm lub cev uas lawv tuaj yeem npog tam sim no txwv. Rau Tokyo Olympics, Speedo tau tshaj tawm lwm lub khaub ncaws tshiab ua los ntawm peb txheej ntawm cov ntaub sib txawv, uas nws tus kheej yog cov ntaub ntawv ntiag tug.
Spandex tsis yog tsuas yog siv rau cov khaub ncaws ua luam dej xwb. Cov neeg caij ski, zoo li cov neeg caij tsheb kauj vab, hnav ib lub tsho spandex du kom txo qhov cua tsis kam. Cov ris tsho hauv qab ntawm cov poj niam tseem yog ib feem loj ntawm kev lag luam, thiab spandex txawm siv rau hauv cov ris tsho leggings thiab ris tsho jeans, ua rau lub cev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zoo kom zais cov pob tsis xav tau. Raws li kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev ua luam dej, tej zaum cov neeg sib tw tsuas yog tsuag lawv lub cev liab qab nrog qee yam polymer kom tshem tawm qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov khaub ncaws ua luam dej! Tom qab tag nrho, thawj tus neeg sib tw Olympic tau sib tw liab qab.
Joe Schwarcz yog tus thawj coj ntawm McGill University's Office of Science and Society (mcgill.ca/oss). Nws yog tus tswv tsev ntawm The Dr. Joe Show hauv CJAD Xov Tooj Cua 800 AM txhua hnub Sunday txij 3 txog 4 teev tsaus ntuj.
Sau npe kom tau txais cov xov xwm tseem ceeb txhua hnub los ntawm Montreal Gazette, ib feem ntawm Postmedia Network Inc.
Postmedia cog lus tias yuav tswj hwm lub rooj sib tham uas nquag tab sis ntiag tug thiab txhawb kom txhua tus nyeem ntawv qhia lawv cov kev xav txog peb cov ntawv. Nws yuav siv sijhawm txog ib teev rau cov lus tawm tswv yim kom tshwm sim hauv lub vev xaib. Peb thov kom koj khaws koj cov lus tawm tswv yim kom muaj feem cuam tshuam thiab hwm. Peb tau qhib kev ceeb toom email - yog tias koj tau txais cov lus teb tawm tswv yim, kev hloov tshiab rau cov lus tawm tswv yim uas koj ua raws, lossis cov lus tawm tswv yim ntawm tus neeg siv uas koj ua raws, koj yuav tau txais email tam sim no. Thov mus saib peb Cov Lus Qhia Hauv Zej Zog kom paub ntau ntxiv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm yuav ua li cas kho cov chaw email.
© 2021 Montreal Gazette, ib feem ntawm Postmedia Network Inc. txhua txoj cai raug tseg cia. Kev faib tawm, kev tshaj tawm lossis kev luam tawm dua yam tsis tau tso cai raug txwv tsis pub ua.
Lub vas sab no siv cov ncuav qab zib los kho koj cov ntsiab lus (xws li kev tshaj tawm) thiab tso cai rau peb tshuaj xyuas peb cov tsheb khiav. Nyeem ntxiv txog cov ncuav qab zib ntawm no. Los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv siv peb lub vas sab, koj pom zoo rau peb cov nqe lus ntawm kev pabcuam thiab txoj cai tswjfwm ntiag tug.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Hli-22-2021