Mankhwala oyenera: kusintha kwa ukadaulo wa zovala zosambira

Inayamba ndi spandex, chithunzi chanzeru cha "kukula" chomwe chinapangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala wa DuPont Joseph Shivers.
Mu 1922, Johnny Weissmuller adatchuka chifukwa chosewera Tarzan mufilimuyi. Anamaliza mpikisano wa freestyle wa mamita 100 mu masekondi 58.6 mu mphindi yosakwana imodzi, zomwe zinadabwitsa dziko lamasewera. Palibe amene anasamala kapena kuzindikira mtundu wa zovala zosambira zomwe anali atavala. Ndi thonje losavuta. Ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi suti yapamwamba yomwe Caleb Drexel waku America adavala yemwe adapambana mendulo yagolide mu masekondi 47.02 pa Olimpiki ya ku Tokyo!
Zachidziwikire, m'zaka 100 zapitazi, njira zophunzitsira zasintha, ngakhale Weissmuller amagogomezera moyo. Anakhala wotsatira wodzipereka wa zakudya zamasamba za Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, enema ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Dressel si munthu wosadya nyama. Amakonda nyama ndipo amayamba tsiku lake ndi chakudya cham'mawa chokhala ndi ma carbohydrate ambiri. Kusiyana kwenikweni kuli mu maphunziro. Drexel amachita maphunziro apaintaneti okhudza makina oyendetsa bwato ndi njinga zokhazikika. Koma palibe kukayika kuti swimsuit yake imapanganso kusiyana. Zachidziwikire si mtengo wa masekondi 10, koma pamene osambira apamwamba masiku ano alekanitsidwa ndi gawo la sekondi imodzi, nsalu ndi kalembedwe ka swimsuit zimakhala zofunika kwambiri.
Kukambirana kulikonse kokhudza ukadaulo wa swimsuit kuyenera kuyamba ndi chozizwitsa cha spandex. Spandex ndi chinthu chopangidwa chomwe chimatha kutambasuka ngati rabara ndikubwerera ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira. Koma mosiyana ndi rabara, imatha kupangidwa ngati ulusi ndipo imatha kuluka kukhala nsalu. Spandex ndi anagram yanzeru "yokulitsa" yopangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala wa DuPont Joseph Schiffer motsogozedwa ndi William Chachi, yemwe amadziwika kuti amapanga cellophane yosalowa madzi popaka nsaluyo ndi nitrocellulose wosanjikiza. Kupanga zovala zamasewera sikunali cholinga choyambirira cha Shivers. Panthawiyo, malamba opangidwa ndi rabara anali gawo lofala la zovala za akazi, koma kufunikira kwa rabara kunali kochepa. Vuto linali kupanga zinthu zopangidwa zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa malamba opangidwa ndi m'chiuno ngati njira ina.
DuPont yabweretsa ma polima monga nayiloni ndi polyester pamsika ndipo ili ndi ukadaulo waukulu pakupanga ma macromolecules. Shivers imapanga spandex mwa kupanga "block copolymers" ndi magawo osinthika otanuka ndi olimba. Palinso nthambi zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito "kulumikiza" mamolekyulu kuti apereke mphamvu. Zotsatira za kuphatikiza spandex ndi thonje, nsalu, nayiloni kapena ubweya ndi chinthu chomwe chimakhala chotanuka komanso chomasuka kuvala. Pamene makampani ambiri anayamba kupanga nsalu iyi, DuPont inapempha chilolezo cha mtundu wake wa spandex pansi pa dzina lakuti "Lycra".
Mu 1973, osambira aku East Germany adavala zovala zosambira za spandex koyamba, zomwe zidaswa mbiri yakale. Izi zitha kukhala zokhudzana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ma steroids, koma zimapangitsa kuti zida za Speedo zisinthe kwambiri. Kampaniyo idakhazikitsidwa mu 1928, ndipo ndi kampani yopanga zovala zosambira yochokera ku sayansi, m'malo mwa thonje ndi silika mu zovala zake zosambira za "Racerback" kuti achepetse kukana. Tsopano, chifukwa cha kupambana kwa East Germany, Speedo idasintha kugwiritsa ntchito spandex ndi Teflon, ndikupanga mapiri ang'onoang'ono ofanana ndi V ngati khungu la shaki pamwamba, zomwe zimanenedwa kuti zimachepetsa kugwedezeka.
Pofika chaka cha 2000, izi zinasanduka suti ya thupi lonse yomwe inachepetsanso kukana, chifukwa madzi anapezeka kuti amamatira pakhungu kwambiri kuposa zovala zosambira. Mu 2008, ma polyurethane panels omwe anaikidwa mwanzeru analowa m'malo mwa polytetrafluoroethylene. Nsalu iyi yomwe tsopano imapangidwa ndi Lycra, nayiloni ndi polyurethane inapezeka kuti imakola matumba ang'onoang'ono a mpweya omwe amachititsa osambira kuyandama. Ubwino apa ndi wakuti kukana mpweya kuli kochepa poyerekeza ndi kukana madzi. Makampani ena amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito suti ya polyurethane chifukwa nsaluyi imayamwa mpweya bwino kwambiri. Ndi "njira zopambana" zonsezi, nthawi imachepa ndipo mitengo imakwera. Suti yapamwamba tsopano ikhoza kuwononga ndalama zoposa $500.
Mawu akuti "zolimbikitsa zaukadaulo" adalowa m'mawu athu. Mu 2009, bungwe la International Swimming Administration (FINA) linaganiza zogwirizanitsa bwalo ndikuletsa zovala zonse zosambira thupi lonse ndi zovala zilizonse zosambira zopangidwa ndi nsalu zopanda ulusi. Izi sizinalepheretse mpikisano wokonza zovala, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha malo omwe angaphimbe thupi tsopano ndi chochepa. Pa Masewera a Olimpiki a ku Tokyo, Speedo adayambitsa suti ina yatsopano yopangidwa ndi nsalu zitatu zosiyana, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi chidziwitso cha mwiniwake.
Spandex si yokhudza zovala zosambira zokha. Osewera pa ski, monga okwera njinga, amavala suti yosalala ya spandex kuti achepetse kukana kwa mpweya. Zovala zamkati za akazi zimakadali gawo lalikulu la bizinesi, ndipo spandex imafika mpaka pa ma leggings ndi majini, zomwe zimafinya thupi pamalo oyenera kuti abise mabala osavomerezeka. Ponena za luso losambira, mwina opikisanawo amangopaka thupi lawo lamaliseche ndi polymer inayake kuti athetse kukana kulikonse kwa swimsuit! Kupatula apo, othamanga oyamba a Olimpiki adapikisana amaliseche.
Joe Schwarcz ndi director wa McGill University's Office of Science and Society (mcgill.ca/oss). Amachititsa pulogalamu ya The Dr. Joe Show pa CJAD Radio 800 AM Lamlungu lililonse kuyambira 3 mpaka 4 koloko masana.
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