Byatangiye na spandex, igishushanyo cy’ubuhanga cyo “kwagura” cyakozwe n’umuhanga mu bya shimi wa DuPont Joseph Shivers.
Mu 1922, Johnny Weissmuller yamenyekanye cyane kubera gukina Tarzan muri filime. Yarangije irushanwa rya metero 100 ry’uburemere mu masegonda 58.6 mu gihe kitarenze umunota umwe, bituma isi ya siporo itangazwa. Nta muntu n'umwe wabyitayeho cyangwa ngo arebe ubwoko bw'imyenda yo kogana yari yambaye. Ni ipamba ryoroshye. Bitandukanye cyane n'ikoti rigezweho ryambarwaga n'Umunyamerika Caleb Drexel wegukanye umudari wa zahabu mu masegonda 47.02 mu mikino Olempike ya Tokyo!
Birumvikana ko mu myaka 100 ishize, uburyo bwo gutoza bwarahindutse, nubwo Weissmuller yibanda ku mibereho. Yabaye umuyoboke ukomeye w’indyo y’imboga ya Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, enema n’imyitozo ngororamubiri. Dressel ntabwo akunda inyama. Akunda inyama kandi atangira umunsi we n’ifunguro rya mu gitondo ririmo karubohidrati nyinshi. Itandukaniro nyaryo riri mu myitozo. Drexel akora imyitozo yo kwihugura ku giti cye kuri interineti ku mashini zo gukaraba n’amagare asanzwe. Ariko nta gushidikanya ko kogana kwe na ko bigira icyo bihindura. Birumvikana ko atari agaciro k’amasegonda 10, ariko iyo abakinnyi bakomeye bo muri iki gihe batandukanyijwe n’igice cy’isegonda, umwenda n’imiterere y’uko kogana biba ingenzi cyane.
Ikiganiro icyo ari cyo cyose ku ikoranabuhanga ryo kogana kigomba gutangirira ku gitangaza cya spandex. Spandex ni ibikoresho by’ubukorikori bishobora kwaguka nk’umukara hanyuma bigasubira ku ishusho yabyo ya mbere mu buryo bw’igitangaza. Ariko bitandukanye na spatula, ishobora gukorwa mu buryo bw’imigozi kandi ishobora kubohwa mu myenda. Spandex ni igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubwenge cyakozwe n’umuhanga mu bya shimi wa DuPont Joseph Schiffer ayobowe na William Chachi, uzwiho guhimba cellophane idapfa amazi asize amavuta akoresheje urwego rwa nitrocellulose. Guhanga udushya mu myenda ya siporo ntabwo byari umugambi wa Shivers. Icyo gihe, imikandara yo mu kibuno yari igice gisanzwe cy’imyenda y’abagore, ariko icyifuzo cya spatula cyari gito. Ikibazo cyari ugukora ibikoresho by’ubukorikori byashoboraga gukoreshwa mu mikandara yo mu kibuno nk’ubundi buryo.
DuPont yazanye polymer nka nylon na polyester ku isoko kandi ifite ubunararibonye bwinshi mu gukora macromolecules. Shivers ikora spandex ikoresheje "block copolymers" hamwe n'ibice bihindagurika kandi bikomeye. Hariho kandi amashami ashobora gukoreshwa mu "guhuza" molekile kugira ngo zitange imbaraga. Ingaruka zo guhuza spandex n'ipamba, lin, nylon cyangwa ubwoya ni ibikoresho biramba kandi byoroshye kwambara. Ubwo amasosiyete menshi yatangiraga gukora uyu mwenda, DuPont yasabye patenti ya verisiyo yayo ya spandex yitwa "Lycra".
Mu 1973, abakinnyi bo mu Budage bw'Iburasirazuba bambaye imyenda yo kogana ya spandex ku nshuro ya mbere, baca agahigo. Ibi bishobora kuba bifitanye isano cyane no gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa steroid, ariko bituma Speedo ihinduka cyane. Iyi sosiyete yashinzwe mu 1928, ikaba ari uruganda rukora imyenda yo kogana rushingiye ku bumenyi, rusimbuza ipamba imyenda yo kogana ya "Racerback" kugira ngo igabanye ubukana. Ubu, bitewe n'intsinzi y'Abadage b'Iburasirazuba, Speedo yahinduye ikoresha Teflon yo gusiga spandex, maze ikora uduce duto dufite ishusho ya V nk'uruhu rw'ifi ku buso, bivugwa ko bigabanya ubukana bw'imitsi.
Mu 2000, ibi byari byarahindutse ikanzu yuzuye umubiri wose, bituma amazi arushaho gukomera, kuko byagaragaye ko amazi afata ku ruhu cyane kurusha imyenda yo kogana. Mu 2008, ibishushanyo bya polyurethane byashyizwe mu buryo bw’ibanga byasimbuye polytetrafluoroethylene. Uyu mwenda ubu ugizwe na Lycra, nylon na polyurethane byagaragaye ko ufata udupfunyika duto tw’umwuka dutuma aboga bareremba. Akamaro ka hano ni uko imbaraga z’umwuka zidashobora gukomera ugereranyije n’imbaraga z’amazi. Hari amasosiyete agerageza gukoresha imyenda ya polyurethane yuzuye kuko iyi myambaro ifata umwuka neza cyane. Muri buri "gihembo" cy’uyu mwenda, igihe kiragabanuka kandi ibiciro birazamuka. Ikanzu y’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ishobora kugurwa arenga $500.
Ijambo "ibitera imbaraga mu bya tekiniki" ryinjiye mu mvugo yacu. Mu 2009, Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Ubwogero (FINA) cyafashe icyemezo cyo kuringaniza urwego rw’imikino no guhagarika imyenda yose yo kogana ikozwe mu myenda idafunze. Ibi ntibyabujije isiganwa ryo kunoza imyenda, nubwo umubare w’imyambaro bashobora gupfuka ubu ari muto. Ku mikino Olempike ya Tokyo, Speedo yatangije indi myambaro mishya ikozwe mu myenda itatu itandukanye, aho umwirondoro wayo ari amakuru yihariye.
Spandex ntigarukira ku myenda yo kogana gusa. Abakinnyi ba siporo yo gusiganwa ku rubura, kimwe n'abanyamagare, bambara ikositimu nziza ya spandex kugira ngo bagabanye ubushobozi bwo guhumeka. Imyenda y'imbere y'abagore iracyari igice kinini cy'ubucuruzi, kandi spandex igera no mu ma leggings na jeans, ikagabanya umubiri mu mwanya ukwiye kugira ngo ihishe uduheri tudashimishije. Ku bijyanye no guhanga udushya mu koga, wenda abarushanwa bazasiga gusa polymer ku mibiri yabo yambaye ubusa kugira ngo bakureho ubushobozi bwo kogana! N'ubundi kandi, abakinnyi ba mbere ba Olempike barushanwaga bambaye ubusa.
Joe Schwarcz ni umuyobozi w'Ibiro bya Kaminuza ya McGill bishinzwe Ubumenyi n'Umuryango (mcgill.ca/oss). Ayobora ikiganiro cya Dr. Joe kuri Radiyo ya CJAD 800 AM buri Cyumweru kuva saa cyenda kugeza saa yine z'umugoroba.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-22-2021