Zvakatanga nespandex, giramu ye "kuwedzera" yakagadzirwa nekemisitiri yeDuPont Joseph Shivers.
Muna 1922, Johnny Weissmuller akawana mukurumbira wekutamba Tarzan mufirimu. Akapedza 100-meter freestyle mumasekonzi 58.6 muminiti isingasviki, zvichishamisa nyika yemitambo. Hapana akambofunga kana kuona kuti akapfeka rudzii rwekushambira. Idonje riri nyore. Rinosiyana zvikuru nesutu yepamusoro-soro yakapfekwa nemuAmerica Caleb Drexel uyo akahwina menduru yegoridhe mumasekonzi 47.02 paTokyo Olympics!
Ehe, mumakore zana, nzira dzekudzidzira dzakachinja, kunyange zvazvo Weissmuller achisimbisa mararamiro. Akava muteveri ane chido chekudya kwemiriwo kwaDr. John Harvey Kellogg, enema uye kurovedza muviri. Dressel haasi munhu anodya miriwo chete. Anofarira nyama uye anotanga zuva rake nekudya kwemangwanani ane makabhohaidhiretsi akawanda. Musiyano chaiwo uri mukurovedza muviri. Drexel anoita kudzidziswa kwemunhu paindaneti pamichina yekukwasva nemabhasikoro asingachinji. Asi hapana mubvunzo kuti swimsuit yake inoitawo mutsauko. Ehe kwete kukosha kwemasekonzi gumi, asi kana vanoshambira vakakurumbira vemazuva ano vakaparadzaniswa nechikamu chesekondi, jira nemaitiro eswimsuit zvinova zvakakosha zvikuru.
Chero hurukuro pamusoro pehunyanzvi hwekushambira inofanira kutanga nechishamiso chespandex. Spandex chinhu chakagadzirwa chinogona kutambanuka serabha uye kudzokera kuchimiro chayo chepakutanga nenzira yemashiripiti. Asi kusiyana nerabha, inogona kugadzirwa muchimiro chefibers uye inogona kurukwa kuita machira. Spandex i "kuwedzera" anagram yakagadzirwa neDuPont chemist Joseph Schiffer achitungamirirwa naWilliam Chachi, uyo anozivikanwa nekugadzira cellophane isingapindi mvura nekuputira chinhu chacho ne nitrocellulose layer. Kugadzira zvipfeko zvemitambo kwaisava chinangwa chepakutanga chaShivers. Panguva iyoyo, mabhandi echiuno akagadzirwa nerabha aive chikamu chezvipfeko zvevakadzi, asi kudiwa kwerabha kwaive kushoma. Dambudziko raive rekugadzira chinhu chakagadzirwa chinogona kushandiswa mabhandi echiuno seimwe nzira.
DuPont yakaunza mapolymer akadai senylon nepolyester kumusika uye ine hunyanzvi hwakakura mukugadzira macromolecules. Shivers inogadzira spandex nekugadzira "block copolymers" nezvikamu zvinochinjika uye zvakasimba. Kunewo matavi anogona kushandiswa "kubatanidza" mamorekuru kuti ape simba. Mhedzisiro yekubatanidza spandex nedonje, jira, nylon kana wool chinhu chinopfava uye chinonaka kupfeka. Sezvo makambani mazhinji akatanga kugadzira jira iri, DuPont yakanyorera patent yeshanduro yayo yespandex pasi pezita rekuti "Lycra".
Muna 1973, vashambi vekuEast Germany vakapfeka mbatya dzekushambira dzespandex kekutanga, vachiputsa marekodhi. Izvi zvingave zvine chekuita nekushandisa kwavo masteroids, asi zvinoita kuti Speedo ishanduke zvakanyanya. Yakavambwa muna 1928, kambani iyi inogadzira mbatya dzekushambira dzakavakirwa pasainzi, ichitsiva donje nesirika mumbatya dzayo dzekushambira dze“Racerback” kuti ideredze kusimba kwemuviri. Iye zvino, ichikurudzirwa nekubudirira kwevaEast Germany, Speedo yakachinja kuputira spandex neTeflon, ndokugadzira zvidimbu zvidiki zvakaita seV zvakaita seganda reshaki pamusoro, izvo zvinonzi zvinoderedza kushushikana.
Pakazosvika gore ra2000, izvi zvakanga zvashanduka kuita sutu yakazara muviri izvo zvakaderedza kuramba kwemuviri, sezvo mvura yakawanikwa ichinamatira paganda zvakasimba kupfuura zvinhu zvekushambira. Muna 2008, mapaneru epolyurethane akaiswa zvakanaka akatsiva polytetrafluoroethylene. Jira iri rave kuumbwa neLycra, nylon uye polyurethane rakaonekwa kuti rinobata mapombi madiki emhepo anoita kuti vanoshambira vayangarare. Chinhu chakanaka apa ndechekuti kuramba kwemhepo kwakaderera pane kuramba kwemvura. Mamwe makambani anoedza kushandisa masutu epolyurethane akachena nekuti masutu aya anotora mhepo zvinobudirira. Neimwe neimwe ye "budiriro" idzi, nguva inoderera uye mitengo inokwira. Sutu yepamusoro inogona kudhura kupfuura $500.
Izwi rekuti "zvinosimudzira hunyanzvi" rakapinda mumashoko edu. Muna 2009, International Swimming Administration (FINA) yakasarudza kuyera nhandare nekurambidza machira ese ekushambira ane muviri wese uye chero machira ekushambira akagadzirwa nemachira asina kurukwa. Izvi hazvina kumisa mujaho wekuvandudza machira, kunyangwe huwandu hwenzvimbo dzemuviri dzavanogona kufukidza hwava hushoma. Pamitambo yeOlympics yeTokyo, Speedo yakatanga imwe sutu itsva yakagadzirwa nemachira matatu akasiyana, ayo ane ruzivo rwemunhu.
Spandex haingogumiri pazvipfeko zvekushambira chete. Vaya vanotsvedza muski, sevanotasva mabhasikoro, vanopfeka sutu yakapfava yespandex kuti vaderedze kupokana nemhepo. Zvipfeko zvemukati zvevakadzi zvichiri chikamu chikuru chebhizinesi, uye spandex inotosvika pakuva nemaleggings nemajini, ichidzvanya muviri panzvimbo chaiyo kuti ivanze mabundu asingagamuchirwi. Kana tichitaura nezvekuvandudzwa kwekushambira, pamwe vanokwikwidza vanongopfapfaidza miviri yavo isina kupfeka nepolymer kuti vabvise kupokana kwe swimsuit! Pamusoro pezvose, vatambi veOlympian vekutanga vaikwikwidza vasina kupfeka.
Joe Schwarcz ndiye director weMcGill University's Office of Science and Society (mcgill.ca/oss). Anopa hurukuro yeThe Dr. Joe Show paCJAD Radio 800 AM Svondo rega rega kubva na3 kusvika na4 pm.
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Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-22-2021