Yaqala nge-spandex, i-anagram enobuchule "yokwandisa" eyaphuhliswa yingcali yekhemisti yaseDuPont uJoseph Shivers.
Ngo-1922, uJohnny Weissmuller wafumana udumo ngokudlala uTarzan kwifilimu. Wagqiba i-freestyle yeemitha ezili-100 ngemizuzwana engama-58.6 ngaphantsi komzuzu, nto leyo eyathusa ihlabathi lezemidlalo. Akukho mntu wayekhathalele okanye waphawula ukuba wayenxibe uhlobo luni lweswimsuit. Yikotoni elula. Yahluke kakhulu kwisuti yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu eyayinxitywe nguCaleb Drexel waseMelika owaphumelela imbasa yegolide ngemizuzwana engama-47.02 kwiOlimpiki yaseTokyo!
Kakade ke, kwiminyaka eli-100, iindlela zoqeqesho zitshintshile, nangona uWeissmuller egxininisa indlela yokuphila. Waba ngumlandeli onomdla wokutya kwemifuno kukaGqr. John Harvey Kellogg, i-enema kunye nokuzilolonga. UDressel akangomntu otya imifuno. Uyayithanda i-meatloaf kwaye uqala usuku lwakhe ngesidlo sakusasa esinee-carb ezininzi. Umahluko wokwenyani usekuqeqeshweni. UDrexel uqhuba uqeqesho lomntu siqu olusebenzisana kwi-intanethi kwiimashini zokurhola kunye neebhayisekile ezimileyo. Kodwa akukho mathandabuzo ukuba i-swimsuit yakhe nayo yenza umahluko. Kakade ayiloxabiso lemizuzwana eli-10, kodwa xa ababhukudi abaphambili banamhlanje bahlulwe kancinci ngomzuzwana, ilaphu kunye nesitayile se-swimsuit zibaluleka kakhulu.
Nayiphi na ingxoxo malunga nobuchwepheshe bokunxiba iimpahla zokudada kufuneka iqale ngommangaliso we-spandex. I-Spandex yinto eyenziweyo enokwelulwa njengerabha kwaye ibuyele kwimo yayo yokuqala ngomlingo. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nerabha, inokuveliswa ngohlobo lweefayibha kwaye ingalukwa ibe ngamalaphu. I-Spandex yi-anagram ekrelekrele "yokwandisa" eyenziwe yingcali yekhemistri yaseDuPont uJoseph Schiffer phantsi kwesikhokelo sikaWilliam Chachi, odumileyo ngokuvelisa i-cellophane engangeni manzi ngokugquma le nto ngomaleko we-nitrocellulose. Ukuvelisa iimpahla zemidlalo ezintsha kwakungeyonjongo yokuqala kaShivers. Ngelo xesha, iibhanti ezenziwe ngerabha zaziyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yempahla yabasetyhini, kodwa imfuno yerabha yayinqongophele. Umngeni yayikukuphuhlisa izinto ezenziweyo ezinokusetyenziselwa iibhanti zesinqe njengenye indlela.
I-DuPont izise iipolymers ezifana ne-nylon kunye ne-polyester kwimarike kwaye inolwazi olubanzi ekuhlanganiseni ii-macromolecules. I-Shivers ivelisa i-spandex ngokudibanisa "ii-block copolymers" kunye namacandelo atshintshanayo elastiki kunye naqinileyo. Kukwakho namasebe anokusetyenziswa "ukudibanisa" iimolekyuli ukunika amandla. Isiphumo sokudibanisa i-spandex nomqhaphu, ilinen, i-nylon okanye uboya yinto ethambileyo kwaye ikhululekile ukunxiba. Njengoko iinkampani ezininzi zaqala ukuvelisa eli laphu, i-DuPont yafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi we-spandex phantsi kwegama elithi "Lycra".
Ngo-1973, ababhukudi baseMpuma Jamani banxiba ii-spandex swimsuit okokuqala, bephula iirekhodi. Oku kusenokuba kunxulumene kakhulu nokusebenzisa kwabo ii-steroids, kodwa kwenza iSpeedo itshintshe kakhulu kwiimpahla zayo. Yasekwa ngo-1928, le nkampani ngumvelisi we-swimsuit osekelwe kwisayensi, ithatha indawo yomqhaphu ngesilika kwii-swimsuit zayo ze-"Racerback" ukuze inciphise ukuxhathisa. Ngoku, iqhutywa yimpumelelo yamaJamani aseMpuma, iSpeedo yatshintshela ekugqumeni i-spandex ngeTeflon, yaza yabumba imiqolo emincinci efana no-V efana nolusu looshaka phezu komhlaba, ekuthiwa inciphisa ukuxinana.
Ngowama-2000, oku kwaguquka kwaba yisuti yomzimba wonke eyanciphisa ukumelana, njengoko amanzi afunyaniswa enamathela eluswini ngokuqinileyo kunezixhobo zokubhukuda. Ngowama-2008, iiphaneli ze-polyurethane ezibekwe ngendlela efanelekileyo zathatha indawo ye-polytetrafluoroethylene. Eli laphu ngoku elenziwe ngeLycra, i-nylon kunye ne-polyurethane kwafunyaniswa ukubamba iipokotho zomoya ezincinci ezenza ababhukudi bantante. Inzuzo apha kukuba ukumelana nomoya kuncinci kunokumelana namanzi. Ezinye iinkampani zizama ukusebenzisa iisuti ze-polyurethane ezicocekileyo kuba le nto ifunxa umoya ngempumelelo kakhulu. Ngalo lonke olu “tshintsho”, ixesha liyehla kwaye amaxabiso ayenyuka. Isuti yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngoku inokubiza ngaphezulu kwe-$500.
Igama elithi “izikhuthazi zobugcisa” langena kwisigama sethu. Ngowama-2009, i-International Swimming Administration (FINA) yagqiba ekubeni ilinganisele ibala ize ithintele zonke iiswimsuits zomzimba wonke kunye nazo naziphi na iiswimsuits ezenziwe ngelaphu elingalukwanga. Oku akuzange kuyimise ingxubakaxaka yokuphucula iisuti, nangona inani leemiphezulu zomzimba ezinokugqunywa ngoku lilinganiselwe. KwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki yaseTokyo, iSpeedo yaqalisa enye isuti entsha eyenziwe ngeeleya ezintathu zeelaphu ezahlukeneyo, ezingolwazi oluyimfihlo.
I-Spandex ayipheleli nje kwiimpahla zokudada. Abatyibilizi be-ski, njengabakhweli beebhayisekile, banxiba isuti ye-spandex egudileyo ukuze banciphise ukumelana nomoya. Iimpahla zangaphantsi zabasetyhini ziseyinxalenye enkulu yeshishini, kwaye i-spandex ide ifikelele kwiileggings kunye neebhulukhwe ze-jeans, icinezele umzimba kwindawo efanelekileyo ukufihla amaqhuma angathandekiyo. Ngokuphathelele uphuhliso lokudada, mhlawumbi abakhuphisanayo baya kutshiza imizimba yabo engenanto nge-polymer ethile ukuze basuse naluphi na uxhathiso lokudada! Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ama-Olimpiki okuqala akhuphisana engenanto.
UJoe Schwarcz ngumlawuli weOfisi yeSayensi neNtlalo kwiYunivesithi yaseMcGill (mcgill.ca/oss). Uqhuba iThe Dr. Joe Show kwiCJAD Radio 800 AM rhoqo ngeCawa ukusuka ngentsimbi yesi-3 ukuya kweyesi-4 emva kwemini.
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Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-22-2021