Kwaqala nge-spandex, i-anagram ehlakaniphile “yokwanda” eyasungulwa yisazi semithi saseDuPont uJoseph Shivers.
Ngo-1922, uJohnny Weissmuller wathola udumo ngokudlala uTarzan kule filimu. Waqeda i-freestyle yamamitha ayi-100 ngemizuzwana engu-58.6 ngaphansi komzuzu, okwashaqisa umhlaba wezemidlalo. Akekho owayenendaba noma owaqaphela ukuthi wayegqoke uhlobo luni lweswimsuit. Luwukotini olulula. Luhluke kakhulu nesudi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu eyayigqokwe nguCaleb Drexel waseMelika owawina indondo yegolide ngemizuzwana engu-47.02 kuma-Olimpiki aseTokyo!
Vele, phakathi neminyaka eyi-100, izindlela zokuqeqesha zishintshile, yize uWeissmuller egcizelela indlela yokuphila. Waba ngumlandeli oshisekayo wokudla kwemifino kukaDkt. John Harvey Kellogg, i-enema kanye nokuzivocavoca. UDressel akayona imifino. Uthanda i-meatloaf futhi uqala usuku lwakhe ngokudla kwasekuseni okunama-carb amaningi. Umehluko wangempela usekuqeqeshweni. UDrexel uqhuba ukuqeqeshwa komuntu siqu okusebenzisanayo ku-inthanethi ngemishini yokugwedla kanye namabhayisikili amile. Kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi ukubhukuda kwakhe nakho kwenza umehluko. Yebo akulona inani lemizuzwana eyi-10, kodwa lapho ababhukudi abaphambili banamuhla behlukaniswa ngengxenye yomzuzwana, indwangu kanye nesitayela sokubhukuda kuba kubaluleke kakhulu.
Noma iyiphi ingxoxo mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokubhukuda kumele iqale ngesimangaliso se-spandex. I-Spandex iyinto yokwenziwa enganwebeka njengerabha futhi ibuyele esimweni sayo sokuqala ngomlingo. Kodwa ngokungafani nerabha, ingakhiqizwa ngesimo semicu futhi ingalukwa ibe yizindwangu. I-Spandex iyi-anagram ehlakaniphile "yokwandisa" eyathuthukiswa yisazi semithi saseDuPont uJoseph Schiffer ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaWilliam Chachi, odumile ngokusungula i-cellophane engangeni manzi ngokumboza le nto ngesendlalelo se-nitrocellulose. Ukuqamba izingubo zemidlalo kwakungeyona inhloso yokuqala kaShivers. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhande okhalweni enziwe ngerabha ayeyingxenye evamile yezingubo zabesifazane, kodwa isidingo serabha sasingekho. Inselele kwakuwukuthuthukisa izinto zokwenziwa ezingasetshenziswa amabhande okhalweni njengenye indlela.
I-DuPont yethule ama-polymer anjenge-nylon ne-polyester emakethe futhi inobuchwepheshe obukhulu ekuhlanganiseni ama-macromolecule. I-Shivers ikhiqiza i-spandex ngokuhlanganisa "ama-block copolymers" ngezingxenye eziguquguqukayo neziqinile. Kukhona namagatsha angasetshenziswa ukuxhumanisa ama-molecule ukuze anikeze amandla. Umphumela wokuhlanganisa i-spandex nekotini, ilineni, i-nylon noma uboya yinto ethambile futhi ekhululekile ukuyigqoka. Njengoba izinkampani eziningi zaqala ukukhiqiza le ndwangu, i-DuPont yafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi lenguqulo yayo ye-spandex ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Lycra".
Ngo-1973, ababhukudi baseMpumalanga Jalimane babegqoka izingubo zokubhukuda ze-spandex okokuqala, bephula amarekhodi. Lokhu kungase kuhlobane kakhulu nokusebenzisa kwabo ama-steroids, kodwa kwenza i-Speedo ishintshe indlela encintisana ngayo. Yasungulwa ngo-1928, le nkampani ingumkhiqizi wezingubo zokubhukuda osekelwe kwisayensi, ithatha indawo kakotini ngesilika ezinhlotsheni zayo zokubhukuda ze-“Racerback” ukuze inciphise ukumelana. Manje, iqhutshwa yimpumelelo yamaJalimane aseMpumalanga, i-Speedo yashintshela ekugcobeni i-spandex nge-Teflon, futhi yabumba imiphetho emincane efana ne-V efana nesikhumba sikashaka ebusweni, okuthiwa inciphisa ukuxokozela.
Ngo-2000, lokhu kwase kuguquke kwaba isudi yomzimba wonke eyanciphisa ukumelana, njengoba amanzi atholakala enamathela esikhumbeni ngokuqinile kunezinto zokubhukuda. Ngo-2008, amaphaneli e-polyurethane abekwe ngendlela efanele athatha indawo ye-polytetrafluoroethylene. Le ndwangu manje eyakhiwe nge-Lycra, i-nylon kanye ne-polyurethane kwatholakala ukuthi ibamba amaphakethe amancane omoya enza ababhukudi bantante. Inzuzo lapha ukuthi ukumelana nomoya kuncane kunokumelana namanzi. Ezinye izinkampani zizama ukusebenzisa amasudi e-polyurethane ahlanzekile ngoba le nto imunca umoya ngempumelelo enkulu. Ngayinye yalezi "ntuthuko", isikhathi siyehla futhi amanani ayakhuphuka. Isudi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu manje ingabiza ngaphezu kwama-$500.
Igama elithi “izikhuthazi zobuchwepheshe” langena emasikweni ethu. Ngo-2009, i-International Swimming Administration (FINA) yanquma ukulinganisela insimu futhi yavimbela zonke izingubo zokubhukuda zomzimba wonke kanye nanoma yiziphi izingubo zokubhukuda ezenziwe ngezindwangu ezingezona ezilukiwe. Lokhu akuzange kumise umncintiswano wokuthuthukisa amasudi, yize inani lezindawo zomzimba ezingambozwa manje selilinganiselwe. Kuma-Olimpiki aseTokyo, iSpeedo yethule enye isudi entsha eyenziwe ngezingqimba ezintathu zezindwangu ezahlukene, okuwulwazi oluyimfihlo.
I-Spandex ayigcini nje ngezingubo zokubhukuda. Abashushuluzi, njengabagibeli bamabhayisikili, bacindezela isudi ye-spandex ebushelelezi ukuze banciphise ukumelana nomoya. Izingubo zangaphansi zabesifazane zisasebenza kakhulu ebhizinisini, kanti i-spandex ifinyelela ngisho nasezingubo zokugqoka ...
UJoe Schwarcz ungumqondisi weHhovisi Lesayensi Nenhlangano laseMcGill University (mcgill.ca/oss). Uqhuba uhlelo i-The Dr. Joe Show ku-CJAD Radio 800 AM njalo ngeSonto kusukela ngo-3 kuya ku-4 ntambama.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-22-2021