He mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā papanga hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā tūroro me ngā kaimahi hauora. Ka pā tika ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te papanga o ngā kākahu hōhipera ki te whakahaere i ngā mate me te whakamarie o ngā tūroro i roto i ngā taiao hauora. Ka taea e ngā kōwhiringa papanga kāore i te tino pai te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o ngā whara pēhanga me te aukati i te nekenekehanga o ngā tūroro. He maha hoki ngā wā kāore e taea e ngā tūroro te whakahaere i ngā hoahoa kākahu, ka pā ki te whakamarie me te mana whaiaro.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- He rerekē ngā taumata tiaki me te whakamarie o ngā kākahu hōhipera rerekē. He kaha ngā ārai o ngā papanga kore-whatu pērā i te SMS ki ngā iroriki, ā, he whakamarie ngā papanga whatu pērā i te miro.
- Ka whakamātauhia ngā kākahu hōhipera mō te pai o tā rātou aukati i ngā wai me ngā huakita. Ko ngā taumata AAMI (1-4) e whakaatu ana i te nui o te tiakitanga e tukuna ana e te kākahu, ko te Taumata 4 te mea teitei rawa.
- He pai ake ngā kākahu hōhipera ka taea te whakamahi anō mō te taiao, ā, ka taea hoki te penapena moni. Ka whakaitihia te para, ka iti ake hoki te pūngao me te wai e whakamahia ana, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kākahu whakamahi-kore.
Te Mārama ki ngā Kāwai Kakahu o ngā Kākahu Hōhipera
Ngā Kakahu Kore-Whatu mō ngā Kākahu Hōhipera
He kōwhiringa noa ngā papanga kore-whatu mōngā kākahu hōhiperaKa hangaia ēnei rauemi e ngā kaihanga mā te hono i ngā muka, kaua ki te whatu. Ko tētahi tikanga matua ko te spunbond. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tukanga te wera me te pēhanga hei hanga i tētahi papanga kaha, māmā hoki. Ko tētahi atu tikanga nui ko te meltblowing. I konei, ka puta te rauemi rewa ki runga i te papanga, kātahi ka whakamatao, ka totoka. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei paparanga he ārai whai hua ki ngā wai me ngā huakita. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tukanga spunbond me te meltblown ka hua ake he papanga māmā, he manawa, ā, he ātete ki te haehae. Mā tēnei whakakotahitanga ka ārai i te horapa o te mate.
Ngā Kakahu Whatu mō ngā Kākahu Hōhipera
He kōwhiringa anō tā ngā papanga whatu mō ngā kākahu hōhipera, inā koa mō ngā momo whakamahi anō. Ko ngā hanganga muka noa ko te 100% te polyester monofilament. Ko ētahi papanga whatu he 99% te polyester me te 1% te muka waro. Ka āwhina tēnei muka waro ki te marara haere me te ātete wai. I ngā wā o mua, he mea noa te ranunga miro me te poly-cotton mō ngā kākahu whakamahi anō. Heoi, nā ō rātou āhuatanga porowhita ka taea e ngā moroiti te haere. He miro tino pai, he raranga piri ngā papanga miro-whiri. Ka tukatuka anō ngā kaihanga i ēnei me te kaihoko hydrophobic hei whakarei ake i ō rātou āhuatanga tiaki.
Ngā Rauemi Whakakotahi i roto i ngā Kākahu Hōhipera
Mō te tinongā tikanga hauora, kāore pea he āhuatanga ārai e ranea ana i tētahi rauemi papa kotahi. I ēnei wā, ka whakaratohia e ngā rauemi hiato he parenga whakarei ake. Ka hangaia e ngā kaihanga ngā hiato mā te whakauru i ngā paparanga tāpiri, ngā paninga, ngā whakakaha rānei. Ka whakapai ake tēnei paparanga i ngā āhuatanga hua pēnei i te mimiti, te ātete paheke, me te kaha. Ko tētahi huinga rauemi noa ko te penupenu rakau me ngā muka polypropylene (PP). Hei tauira, ko te ranunga o te 70% penupenu rakau me te 30% muka PP ka hanga he papanga miro papa kotahi. Ka tere te mimiti o te penupenu rakau i ngā wai, ko ngā muka PP ia ka whakarato i tētahi hanganga pakari. Ka taea e tēnei hiato te rere o te hau me te aukati i ngā huakita me ngā wai. Ka taea hoki e ngā papanga hiato te whakauru i ngā kaihoko huakita kore-waro, pēnei i ngā muka kua whakarerekētia e te katote hiriwa, i whakauruhia i te wā e whakaputa ana i te muka.
Ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Momo Kakahu Kākahu Hōhipera Noa
Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake o ngā momo papanga o ngā kākahu hōhipera ka āwhina i ngā whare hauora ki te whakatau i ngā kōwhiringa whai whakaaro. He painga motuhake tō ia rauemi mō ngā momo wāhi hauora me ngā taumata tiaki.
Kakahu Pōropirine Poropirine
He mea rongonui te papanga spunbond polypropylene mō ngā kākahu hōhipera whakakorekore. Ka hangaia tēnei rauemi e ngā kaihanga mā te whakaputa i te polypropylene rewa, kātahi ka mirohia hei muka angiangi. Kātahi ka honoa ēnei muka ki a rātou anō mā te whakamahi i te wera me te pēhanga. Ka hua ake i tēnei tukanga he papanga māmā, he manawa, he iti hoki te utu. Ka tukuna he taumata taketake o te ātete wai me te ārai matūriki. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaimahi hauora ngā kākahu spunbond polypropylene mō ngā tikanga iti te mōrearea, mō te tiaki tūroro whānui rānei, ina kore te tiaki ārai nui e aro nui ana ki te kaupapa matua.
Kakahu Spunbond Meltblown Spunbond (SMS)
He whanaketanga nui te papanga SMS i roto i te hangarau kore-whatu mō ngā kākahu hōhipera. E toru ngā paparanga: e rua ngā paparanga miro-ā-waho (S) me te paparanga whakarewa-ā-roto (M). Ka whakarato ngā paparanga miro-ā-waho i te kaha me te pakari, ko te paparanga whakarewa-ā-waho he ārai nui. Ka ārai pai tēnei paparanga whakarewa-ā-waho i ngā wai me ngā matūriki moroiti.
He pai rawa atu te whai huatanga o ngā mea kore-whatu SMS ki te ārai i te tuku oS. aureusmeE. colii roto i ngā otinga tote ki te whakataurite ki ngā papanga whatu. Ko ngā kākahu polypropylene, tae atu ki ngā paparanga SMS, e whakarato ana i te tiaki nui rawa atu i te urunga mai o ngā moroiti i roto i ngā rauemi kua whakamatautauria. Ko te paparanga rewa i roto i te papanga SMS e whakarato ana i te ārai e kore e taea te ārai i ngā pathogens, ā, ka tutuki i te >95% te pai o te tātari huaketo (VFE) mō ngā huaketo he iti noa iho i te 0.1 microns.
He tino pai te ātete wai o te papanga SMS. Whakaarohia te whakataurite i te pēhanga waipū e whai ake nei, e ine ana i te ātete o te papanga ki te urunga wai:
| Rauemi | Taumaha (gsm) | Pēhanga Waipūmau (cm H2O) |
|---|---|---|
| Polypropylene Spunbond | 17 | 3.0 |
| Karere Tukutuku | 17 | 19.2 |
| Polypropylene Spunbond | 40 | 12.4 |
| Karere Tukutuku | 36 | 79.4 |
E whakaatu ana tēnei raraunga he nui ake te pai o te papanga SMS i te polypropylene spunbond i roto i te ātete wai, inā koa i ngā taumaha teitei ake. He tino pai hoki te SMS i roto i te whai huatanga tātari huakita (BFE):
| Rauemi | BFE (%) |
|---|---|
| Karere Tukutuku | >99.9% |
| Polypropylene (PP) | 90–98% |
| Polyethylene (PE) | 85–95% |
Ka whakaitihia e ngā kākahu SMS te mōrearea o te poke me te horapa o ngā huakita. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau i whakaitihia e ngā kākahu SMS te mōrearea o te poke mā te 68% ki te whakaritea ki ngā kākahu PP paerewa. I whakaitihia hoki e rātou ngā tere horapa o ngā huakita mā te 67% ki te whakaritea ki ngā kakahu whatu. Nā tēnei kaHe rauemi pai te SMS mō ngā kākahu pokangame ētahi atu tono ārai-tiketike.
Kakahu Polyethylene
E mōhiotia ana te papanga Polyethylene (PE) mō tōna ātete-kore ki te wai. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga mō ngā kākahu wehe i ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana he ārai wai katoa. Ko ngā kākahu polyethylene chlorinated (CPE), he momo noa, ka whakarato i te tiaki pakari.
- Mā te hanganga matū o te CPE ka kaha, ka ngāwari hoki. Nā tēnei ka pai mō ngā kākahu tiaki whakakorekore i ngā āhuatanga mākū me ngā āhuatanga maroke.
- He ātete wai ngā kākahu CPE. Ka hangaia he paparanga ātete wai mā te sima polymer motuhake me te whakapiri piri.
- He ātete ki te koroheketanga ēnei mea, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā huarere kino me ngā taiao kino. He nui hoki te ātete ki te ozone, he mea nui tēnei i ngā wā mate urutā.
- Ka mau ngā tākuta i ngā kākahu wehe CPE i te wā e mahi ana hei pupuri i te āhua ārai mate me te whakarite i te haumaru o te tūroro.
- Ka āwhina ngā kākahu CPE ki te aukati i te horapa o ngā huakita me ngā huaketo i roto i ngā hōhipera me ngā wāhanga tiaki nēhi, kia mau ai te akuaku.
Hei tauira, ko ngā Kākahu Whakawehe Polyethylene Ritmed® AssureWear®, he hoahoa kei runga i te mahunga me ngā here porowhita. He mea hanga ēnei kākahu mai i te polyethylene spunbond, ā, he tuitui kua tuia kia tino kaha. Kāore he rapa, ā, he momo kākahu wehewehe. Ko tōna āhua ātete-wai e tohu ana i tōna whai huatanga ārai.
Kakahu Kākahu Hōhipera Ranunga Miro me te Miro
He mea tuku iho ngā papanga miro me te miro whakaranu mō ngā kākahu hōhipera ka taea te whakamahi anō. He nui te whakamarie me te manawa e tukuna ana e ēnei mō ngā tūroro.
He mea hanga mai i ngā papanga whakamarie, e āhei ana te manawa, pērā i te miro, i te ranunga miro rānei, ka whakatairangahia e ō mātou kākahu tūroro te whakamarie o te tūroro, me te whakarite hoki kia tika te hipoki.
Ahakoa he pai te āhua o te miro, he iti noa te ātete wai. Nā tēnei ka whakawhāitihia tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā taiao e hiahia ana kia nui te tiaki ārai. Ko te whāinga o ngā ranunga miro, he maha ngā wā me te polyester, he whakapai ake i te pakari me te whakaiti i te mimiti me te pupuri tonu i te whakamarie o te miro. Hei pupuri i te āhua o ēnei kākahu me whai tikanga horoi motuhake. Ka whai tukanga horoi whānui ngā kākahu paru. Kei roto pea i tēnei ko te horoi, te patu huakita, me te whakahoromata. Ko ngā mahi motuhake ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo kākahu me te taumata o te paru kua pā ki a ia. Ko ngā kākahu wehe ka taea te whakamahi anō, pērā i ngā kākahu whānui kōwhai taumaha-waenga, he mea hanga mai i te papanga ranunga polyester-miro 55/45 pakari me te manawa. Kua hangaia tēnei ranunga kia tu atu ki ngā whakamahinga me ngā horoinga maha me te kore e whakararu i ōna āhuatanga tiaki. Nā tēnei ka pai mō ngā taiao hauora uaua.
Kakahu Kākahu Hōhipera Polyester me te Polyester
He mea noa te whakakotahitanga o ngā papanga polyester me te polyester i roto i ngā kākahu hōhipera ka taea te whakamahi anō nā te mea he pakari, he kaha, he ātete hoki ki te mimiti me te miro. He pai te ātete matū o te polyester, ā, kāore e mimiti i ngā wai, he pai ake te ārai i ētahi poke i te miro.
| Āhuatanga | Kakahu Polyester | Kakahu Miro |
|---|---|---|
| Ātete Matū | He arai pai ki ngā waikawa me ngā poke koiora | He ngawari ki te maringi waikawa; he iti noa te ātete ki te wai |
| Te mimiti wai | Kāore e mimiti i ngā wai | Kāore e ātete ki te wai, inā koa ki ngā waikawa |
| Te Whaitake | Rangahau koiora, taiwhanga whakamātautau toto | Me whai tiaki tāpiri mō ngā rauemi waikura |
| Utu | He iti ake te utu ki te hanga | He nui ake te utu (mō te miro 100%) |
Hei tauira, he pakari, he roa hoki te mau o ngā koti taiwhanga polyester. Heoi, he iti noa te ātete o ngā koti taiwhanga miro ki ngā wai me ngā matū. He maha ngā wā ka whakakotahihia e ngā ranunga polyester te polyester me te miro hei whakataurite i te whakamarie me te roa me te ātete wai. Ka taea e ēnei papanga te tu atu ki ngā huringa horoi maha me te pupuri tonu i ō rātou āhuatanga tiaki.
| Kakahu | Ka eke ki te 50% te kaha o ngā huringa | Ngā Huringa ki te Kakahu Ātaahua | Te Pupuri Kaha Kume (i muri i te 200 huringa) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyester pakari-teitei | 250 | 300 | >85% |
| Ranunga 80/20 | 150 | 200 | Kāore he |
| 100% Polyester | Kāore he | Kāore he | >92% (i muri i te 100 huringa autoclave) |
I kōrero te kaiwhakahaere o te pokapū tātaritanga toto, ko ngā kākahu i heke iho i te 90% o tō rātou kaha kume taketake i muri i te 20 horoinga, kāore i te pai. Nā tēnei i neke atu ai ki te polyester whakaranu, i mau tonu te kaha 95% i muri i te 60 horoinga. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te roa o te ora me te whai huatanga o te polyester me ōna ranunga i roto i ngā kākahu hōhipera ka taea te whakamahi anō.
Ngā Paearu Matua mō te Mahi mō te Kakahu Kākahu Hōhipera
Ka arotakehia e ngā whare hauora ētahi paearu matua mō te mahi i te wā e whiriwhiri anapapanga kākahu hōhiperaMā ēnei paearu ka whakarite te haumaru o te tūroro, te tiaki i ngā kaimahi hauora, me te whai huatanga o ngā mahi.
Ātete Wai me te Parenga Ārai
Ko te ātete wai te āwangawanga matua mō ngā kākahu hōhipera. Ka ārai i te urunga o te toto, ngā wai tinana, me ētahi atu wai. I whakatūria e te Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) he pūnaha whakarōpūtanga (Taumata 1-4) hei aromatawai i te urunga wai o ngā kākahu whakakorekore.
- He iti noa te ārai o ngā kākahu Taumata 1 ki te iti o te pānga o te wai. Ka whakamātauhia e ngā kaihanga ēnei kākahu mō te pānga o te rehu wai anake, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te AATCC 42.
- Ka whakaratohia e ngā kākahu Taumata 2 he parenga māmā ki te āhua pakupaku mai i te urunga o te wai. Ka whakamatautauria ēnei mō te pānga o te rehu wai (hei tauira, AATCC 42) me te pēhanga wai-pūmau (hei tauira, AATCC 127).
- Ngā kākahu pokanga, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te Taumata 3 me te Taumata 4 ngā tohu AAMI. Kei roto i ēnei he parenga ārai kua whakapakaritia i ngā rohe tino nui mō ngā tikanga tino nui.
Ka whakatauhia ngā taumata AAMI mō ngā papanga kākahu hōhipera mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakamātautau paerewa. Ko te ASTM F1670 me te ASTM F1671 ngā mea tino pakari. Kei roto i ēnei whakamātautau ngā matū whakaheke i te wai tinana me te toto. Ko ngā kākahu anake e eke ana i te ASTM F1671 ka whakarōpūtia hei Taumata 4. E tohu ana tēnei i te ātete ki te urunga huaketo. Ko ngā taumata iti iho (1, 2, me te 3) ka whakamatautauria ki te wai. E whakaatu ana i te ātete piki haere ki ngā wai he nui ake te mānukanuka o te mata. Ka ripoatahia hoki e ngā kaihanga te mahi ki te AATCC 42 me te AATCC 127. Ka whakamahia e ngā paerewa Pākehā te ISO mō te aromatawai mahi ārai rite.
He rerekē ngā whakaritenga ture mō ngā kākahu pokanga me ngā kākahu wehe.
- Ngā Kākahu Pokanga:
- Kei roto i te rohe matua te papa o mua (rohe A) me ngā ringaringa o raro (rohe B) i te iti rawa.
- Ko te whakarōpūtanga e hangai ana ki te wāhanga mahi iti ake o ēnei wāhanga e rua.
- Me eke te ārai katoa o te taha mua o te kākahu (ngā rohe A, B, me C ki te Taumata 1 i te iti rawa.
- Kāore pea te tuara o te kākahu (rohe D) e tiaki.
- Ngā Kākahu Motuhake:
- E kiia ana te kākahu katoa he wāhi tino kino. Nā te kore e taea te matapae i te pānga ki te toto, ki ngā wai o te tinana, me ētahi atu rauemi pangia pea (OPIM) tēnei.
- Me tutuki i te kākahu wehe katoa, tae atu ki ngā tuitui (haunga ngā ringaringa, ngā remu, me ngā here), te mahi ārai e kīia ana.
- Kāore ngā kākahu wehe tuwhera-tuara e tutuki i ngā tawhā wāhi matua. Kāore e taea te whiwhi whakatauranga.
E whakaaro ana te FDA ki ngā kākahu pokanga he taputapu Akomanga II. Me whai whakamōhiotanga i mua i te mākete (tukunga 510k). Me tapanga ngā kākahu pokanga hei AAMI Taumata 3, 4 rānei mēnā e hokohokohia ana hei 'pokanga' i te US. Kāore e taea te kī he AAMI Taumata 1, 2 rānei mēnā e hokohokohia ana hei 'pokanga'. Ka taea te whakatauranga i ngā kākahu wehe hei AAMI Taumata 1-4, kāore rānei i te whakataurangahia. Ko ngā kākahu wehe Taumata 1 me te 2 he taputapu Akomanga I. Kāore e hiahiatia he whakamōhiotanga i mua i te mākete. He taputapu mōrearea nui ngā kākahu wehe Taumata 3 me te 4. Me whai whakamōhiotanga i mua i te mākete. Kei raro i te 21 CFR 878.4040 ngā momo kākahu e rua. E whakaaro ana te FDA ki ngā kākahu he parenga arai waenga ki te teitei (Taumata 3 me te 4) hei taputapu mōrearea nui.
Kei te ripanga e whai ake nei te whakarāpopototanga o ngā taumata AAMI me ā rātou tikanga whakamātautau me te whai huatanga o te ārai:
| Taumata | Whakamātautau | Wero Wai | Hua | Te Whai Huatanga o te Ārai e Tumanakohia ana |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AATCC 42 Te Whakaurunga Pānga | Wai | ≤ 4.5 karamu | He iti noa te ātete wai (he iti te ātete ki te rehu wai) |
| 2 | AATCC 42 Te Whakaurunga Pānga | Wai | ≤ 1.0 karamu | He iti te ātete ki te wai (he ātete ki te rehu wai, ā, he iti te ātete ki te urunga o te wai i raro i te pa tonu ki te pēhanga e piki haere ana) |
| AATCC 127 Pēhanga Waipūmau | Wai | ≥ 20 henemita | ||
| 3 | AATCC 42 Te Whakaurunga Pānga | Wai | ≤ 1.0 karamu | Ātete wai āhua noa (ātete ki te rehu wai, ā, he ātete anō hoki ki te urunga wai i raro i te pa tonu ki te pēhanga e piki haere ana) |
| AATCC 127 Pēhanga Waipūmau | Wai | ≥ 50 henemita | ||
| 4 | Whakamātautau Whakauru Toto Hanga ASTM F1670 (mō ngā ārai pokanga) | Toto Whakakapi | kāore he urunga i te 2 psi (13.8 kPa) | Te ātete ki te urunga toto me te huaketo (2 psi) |
| Whakamātautau Whakaurunga Huakita ASTM F1671 (mō ngā kākahu pokanga me ngā kākahu wehe) | Pūtaiao Phi-X174 | kāore he urunga i te 2 psi (13.8 kPa) |
Te Whai Huatanga o te Ārai Moroiti
Ko te whai huatanga o te ārai moroiti ka ine i te kaha o te papanga ki te aukati i ngā huakita me ngā huaketo. He mea nui tēnei mō te whakahaere i ngā mate. Mō ngā hua i hangaia hei aukati i ngā matūriki hau me ngā poke koiora, ko te whai huatanga tātari te wāhanga whakamātautau tino nui. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei whānau whakamātautau ngā raraunga ka taea te ine mō te kaha o te rauemi ki te mahi hei ārai ā-tinana ki ngā moroiti me ngā hauhautanga.
Kei te ripanga e whai ake nei ngā tikanga whakamātautau noa mō te whai huatanga o te ārai moroiti:
| Momo Whakamātautau | Rauemi Whāinga | Kawa Paerewa (Tauira) | Ine Mahi Matua |
|---|---|---|---|
| Te Whai Hua o te Tātari Huakita (BFE) | Ngā Kōpare Pokanga, Ngā Kākahu | ASTM F2101 | Ka ine i te ōrau oStaphylococcus aureus(rahi toharite 3.0 μm) i tātarihia e te rauemi. |
| Te Whai Hua o te Tātari Huaketo (VFE) | Ngā Manawa, Ngā Kōpare Kanohi | ASTM F2101 Whakarerekētia | E ine ana i te ōrau o te bacteriophage ΦX−174 (rahi toharite 0.027 μm) i tātarihia. |
| Te Whai Hua o te Tātari Matūriki (PFE) | Ngā Tātari Rūma Ma, Ngā Pāpāho | ASTM F2299 | Ka ine i te whai huatanga o te rauemi ki ngā rahi matūriki kāore e ora (hei tauira, 0.1 ki te 5.0 μm). |
| Pēhanga Rerekētanga (ΔP) | Ngā Kakahu Ārai Katoa | MIL-M-36954C | Ka ine i te uruhanga o te hau (te āheinga manawa), kia kore ai te tātari e whakararu i te whakamarie me te haumaru o te kaiwhakamahi. |
He mea tino nui te whakamātautau whai huatanga tātari huaketo (VFE). He iti ake ngā huaketo i ngā huakita. Nā tēnei ka waiho rātou hei wero nui mō ngā pāpāho tātari pai. Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te whakatauranga VFE teitei mō tētahi hua e kī ana he tiaki i ngā mate huaketo e rere ana i te rangi. Me whakarite hoki e ngā taiwhanga he iti tonu te uruhanga hau o te rauemi (i inehia mā te ΔP) hei haumaru mō te kaiwhakamahi. Mā tēnei ka whakaratohia he taurite nui i waenga i te manawa me te tiaki.
Mō te tātari huakita, me eke ngā kakahu ki te iti rawa o te Huarahi Tātari Huakita (BFE) o te 98%. E ine ana te ASTM F2101 i tēnei. Mō te mahi patu huakita, me whakaatu e ngā kakahu he whakahekenga o te iti rawa o te 3 log i roto i te mahi huakita. Ko te tikanga tēnei kua patua te 99.9% o ngā mate pāwera kua tohua. E aromatawai ana te ISO 20743 i tēnei.
Te Manawa me te Whakamarie
Ko te āheinga manawa i roto i ngā papanga, tae atu ki ērā e whakamahia ana mō ngā kākahu hōhipera, ka inehia mā te whakatauranga uruhanga hau. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te ngāwari o te hau ki roto i te rauemi. He mea nui tēnei whakatauranga mō ngā tono motuhake. Ko ngā whakatauranga teitei e tohu ana i ngā papanga he nui ake te manawa. Ko ngā whakatauranga iti e tohu ana i te iti ake o te āheinga manawa. He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te uruhanga hau o te papanga. Kei roto i ēnei ko te matotoru o te muka (ko ngā muka angiangi ka whakanui ake i te uruhanga), te momo whatu (ko ngā whatu piri ka whakaiti i te rere o te hau, ko ngā whatu ngāwari ka whakarei ake), me te whakaotinga papanga (ko ētahi whakaotinga ka aukati i te rerenga o te hau, ko ētahi ka whakarei ake i te āheinga manawa). Ko ngā tikanga whakamātautau noa mō te uruhanga hau ko te ASTM D737 me te ISO 9237. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā taputapu motuhake hei ine i te tere o te rere o te hau i roto i ngā tauira papanga. Ko ngā hua ka whakatau i te whakatauranga uruhanga hau. Ka ārahi tēnei i te kōwhiringa rauemi mō te mahi tino pai.
Mō ngā papanga whānui, ko te urunga hau kei waenganui i te 100 ki te 300 L/m²/s. Ko ngā papanga he iti te urunga hau, he iti iho i te 100 L/m²/s, he iti ake te manawa. Ka whakamahia ēnei e ngā kaihanga i roto i ngā kākahu tiaki ina hiahiatia he iti te rerenga hau. Ko te urunga hau teitei, neke atu i te 300 L/m²/s, e tohu ana he papanga tino manawa. He pai ēnei mō ngā kākahu hākinakina me ngā kākahu mahi. Ko ngā papanga hauora, pērā i ērā mō ngā kākahu hōhipera, he whakaritenga motuhake mō te 'uru whakahaere'. Ka whakataurite tēnei i te tiaki me te manawa. Ka whakarite i te whakawhiti hau tika mō te whakamarie me te haumaru o te tūroro.
I ngā wā o mua, i hangaia ngā kākahu pokanga ka taea te whakamahi anō ki te miro muslin. He papanga whatu ngāwari tēnei, he kaha te manawa, he nui te uruhanga o te hau. Heoi, nā te iti o te ātete ki te uruhanga wai i heke ai te whakamahinga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kākahu hou te ranunga polyester, polyester-miro rānei. Ahakoa he pai te whakamarie wera o ngā ranunga polyester-miro, i pāngia hoki rātou e ngā wero ki te tiaki i te uruhanga wai. Ka nui ake te tiaki a ngā papanga polyester miro whatu piri. Heoi, ka taea e rātou te whakararuraru i te whakamarie wera. Ko ngā papanga kore-whatu, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā kākahu kotahi te whakamahinga, ko te spunlace, te spunbond-meltblown-spunbond (SMS), me ngā rauemi wet-layed. I aromatawaihia ētahi papanga kākahu kore-whatu he matao ake nā te mama ake. Heoi, kua werohia ngā papanga kore-whatu tuku iho mō te iti o te uruhanga hau me te tere tuku makuku. Ka pā tēnei ki ngā taumata whakamarie.
He maha ngā āhuatanga o te papanga e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakamarie wera me te whakahaere makuku o te tūroro:
- Ko te pai o ngā āhuatanga makuku, te tere maroke, me te iti o te ātete ki te wera me te mimiti ka whai wāhi atu ki te whakamarie nui ake. Ko te papanga polyester 8 mō ngā kākahu hākinakina hei tauira.
- Nā te ātete nui ki te wera me te kohu, me te roa o te wā whakamaroke, ka iti ake te whakamarie. Hei tauira, ko te Fabric 4.
- Ko ngā āhuatanga pai o ngā papanga he pai mō te whakahaere i te makuku, he iti te ātete ki te wera me te kohu, ā, he poto te wā whakamaroke. Ko te Fabric 10 tētahi tauira.
- Ko te ātete nui ake ki te wera me te kohu, te iti ake o te uruhanga o te kohu, me te roa o te wā whakamaroke e pā ana ki ngā papanga kāore i te tino whakamarie. Ko ngā papanga tiaki wera 18, 5, 4, 10, 2, 9, me te 17 hei tauira.
Ka pā te papatipu me te matotoru o te papanga ki te ātete ki te wera me te kohu wai. Ka whakaitihia te ātete ki te kohu mā te whakaiti i ēnei. He pai tēnei i ngā wā wera. He mea nui ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti makuku wai i ngā wā wera me te nui o te werawera. Ka whakanuia ake te whakamarie e ngā papanga e tere mimiti ana, e kawe ana hoki i te makuku mai i te kiri. Ka tino whakaitihia te whakamarie e ngā kākahu whatu mākū. Ka whakaitihia te whakamarie e te nui haere o te makuku i roto i te āhuarangi kiri-kākahu. He hononga kaha kei waenganui i te pikinga o te mākū me te iti haere o te whakamarie wera. I ngā wā mahana, he kaha ake te hononga o te makuku kiri ki te whakamarie wera i te pāmahana o te mata o te kiri.
He hononga pai rawa atu kei waenganui i te wā whakamaroke, te ātete mimiti (Ret), me te ātete wera (Rct). E tohu ana tēnei he roa ake te maroke o ngā papanga he nui ake te ātete wera me te makuku. He hononga kino te wā whakamaroke ki te tere horapa o te makuku (MWR).B) me te pūtoro makuku i te mata o waho (SSB). Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko te tere o te horapa o te makuku me te teitei o te radius makuku ka whai wāhi ki te tere o te maroke. Kei roto i te tauira mahi whakamarie wera-tinana (TCP) ngā tawhā matua o te papanga. Kei roto i ēnei ko te papatipu, te tere horapa o te makuku, me te ātete mimiti. I tautuhia ko te papanga 8 (86% PES + 14% EL) te mea tino whakamarie. Nā ōna āhuatanga whakahaere wera pai tēnei. I whakaūhia tēnei e ngā whakamātautau kakahu, ā, neke atu i te 80% o ngā kaiuru i kitea he tino whakamarie.
Te Pakari me te Whakamahinga Anō
He mea nui te pakari mō ngā kākahu hōhipera ka taea te whakamahi anō. Mā tēnei ka whakatau te maha o ngā wā ka taea e te kākahu te tu atu i ngā huringa horoi me te whakamate i te huakita, me te pupuri tonu i ōna āhuatanga tiaki.
Ko te roanga o te ora o tētahi kākahu wehe ka taea te whakamahi anō he tata ki te 64 horoinga. Ko ēnei kākahu ka taea te whakamahi anō he mea hanga mai i te papanga polyester whatu.
Nā te roa o te ora, he kōwhiringa pumau te whakamahi anō i ngā kākahu. Heoi anō, me whakatinana e ngā whare he tikanga whakahaere kounga tino pakari. Mā ēnei ka mau tonu te āhua o te ārai o ngā kākahu i muri i ia horoinga. He mea nui te tirotiro auau mō ngā haehae, ngā kōhao, ngā tuitui kua pakaru rānei.
Te Whai Hua o te Utu me te Pānga ki te Taiao
Kei te piki haere te whai whakaaro o ngā whare hauora ki te whai huatanga o te utu me te pānga ki te taiao ina whiriwhiria ana he kākahu hōhipera.
I roto i tētahi aromatawai i te huringa ora e whakataurite ana i ngā pūnaha kākahu whakamahi anō me ngā kākahu whakakorekore i te taumata whare hauora, i kitea he painga nui ki te taiao mō ngā kākahu whakamahi anō:
- 28% te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao
- Te whakaiti i te 30% o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi
- 41% te whakahekenga o te whakamahinga wai kikorangi
- Te whakaiti i te 93% o te whakaputanga para totoka
He nui te takoha a te rāngai hauora o Amerika ki ngā para me ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi. Ko te ratonga perioperative anake ka whakaputa i te 70% o ngā para totoka i roto i ngā hōhipera o Amerika. E 2.8 piriona pauna tēnei i ia tau. Ko te tikanga ka whakaputahia e ngā mahi hauora te 50 pauna o ngā para mō ia kēhi. Ko ngā mahi orthopedic me te cardiac ka whakaputahia te 200 pauna. Kua piki ake te whakaputanga para i roto i ngā hōhipera o Amerika mā te 15% i ia tau mai i te tau 1992. Ko te nuinga o tēnei nā te pikinga o te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu whakakorekore. Ko ngā kakahu whakakorekore, tae atu ki ngā kākahu pokanga, he tino takoha ki ngā para o ngā rūma pokanga.
E whakataurite ana te ripanga e whai ake nei i te pānga ki te taiao o ngā kākahu pokanga ka taea te whakamahi anō me ngā kākahu pokanga ka taea te whakamahi anō:
| Pānga ki te Taiao | Ngā Kākahu Pokanga Ka taea te Whakamahi Anō | Ngā Kākahu Pokanga Whakakore |
|---|---|---|
| Te Whakamahinga Pūngao | 4–15 MJ | 16–35 MJ |
| Te Whakamahinga Wai | 2.9 karani | 3.7 karani |
| Tapuwae Waro | 2–3 ngā wā iti iho | Nui ake |
| Te Whakaiti i te Whakamahinga Pūngao Rauemi Taiao | 64% | Kāore he |
| Te Whakaiti i ngā Tukunga Hau Kākāriki | 66% | Kāore he |
| Te Whakaiti i te Tiakitanga o te Wai Kahurangi | 83% | Kāore he |
| Te Whakaiti i te Whakaputa Para Totoka | 84% | Kāore he |
E whakaatu tonu ana ngā rangahau he iti ake ngā pānga taiao o ngā kakahu tiaki hauora ka taea te whakamahi anō (HCT), tae atu ki ngā kākahu pokanga, ki te whakataurite ki ō rātou hoa ka taea te whakamahi anō. Kei roto i ēnei painga ko te iti ake o ngā tukunga waro, te iti ake o te whakamahinga wai, te iti ake o ngā para totoka, me te iti ake o te whakamahinga pūngao. Nā te mate urutā COVID-19 i whakanui ake te pumau o ngā pūnaha PPE porowhita ka taea te whakamahi anō i ngā mekameka tuku ka taea te whakamahi anō. Ahakoa ēnei painga taiao, he iti noa iho ngā HCT ka taea te whakamahi anō i tēnei wā o te tuku PPE o te US.
Ka taea te whakaiti i te tapuwae taiao o ngā PPE whakamahi anō me ngā PPE whakakorekore mā te hanga ā-rohe. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te tawhiti tuku. Ahakoa he taumaha ake ngā kākahu whakamahi anō, he iti noa te pānga taiao o tā rātou kawe ki te whakaritea ki ngā tukanga hanga. He nui ake te utu me te uaua o te kawe i ngā para Kāwai A (ngā rauemi tino pangia) i ngā para hauora kua whakaritea. Me nui ake te takai me ngā huarahi uaua pea. Ka taea e ngā PPE whakakorekore te tāpiri i te 60–70 pauna o ngā rauemi takai mō ia ipu. Ka piki ake ngā utu kawe me ngā pānga taiao. Mā te whakarōpūtanga hē o ngā taonga i roto i ngā hōhipera ka arahi ki te 70% o ngā para hauora kua whakaritea kia he te whakarōpūtanga. Ka nui ake te taumaha o tēnei ki ngā utu ōhanga me te taiao. Mā te whakaiti i ngā taunakitanga PPE i runga i te māramatanga pūtaiao mō te mōrearea, e kitea ana me te MRSA me te VRE, ka taea hoki te whai hua ki te taiao.
Mā te whakataurite i ngā utu o te huringa ora ka pai ake ngā kōwhiringa ka taea te whakamahi anō:
| Tauwehe | Kākahu Whakakore (I mua i te Huringa) | Kākahu Whakamahi Anō (I muri i te Huringa) | Penapena/Whakaiti | | :——————————– | :—————————– | :—————- | | Te Rōrahi Para Katoa (lbs ia APD) | 19 | 17.4 | 1.7 lbs (9%) | | Whakapaunga EVS (heneti ia APD) | $2.06 | $1.88 | 18¢ (9%) | | Te Penapena Para Katoa me te Mahi (ia APD) | Kāore i te | Kāore i te | 30¢ | | Te Utu mō ia Whakamahinga Kākahu (tae atu ki te horoi)| Kāore i te | 58¢ (13¢ kākahu + 45¢ horoi) | Kāore i te | | Te Utu Kākahu Whakamahi Kotahi | 60¢ | Kāore i te | Kāore i te | | Te Utu Kupenga mō ia Kākahu (whai muri i te penapena para) | Kāore i te | 28¢ | 53% penapena | | Ngā Penapena ā-Tau a UCLA Health | Kāore i te wātea | $450,000 | Kāore i te wātea | | Ngā Para Hauora UCLA kua Hurihia | Kāore i te wātea | 1,180 tāne | Kāore i te wātea | | Te Utu mō ia Whakamahinga Kākahu o te Whare Hauora Carilion | 79¢ | 39¢ | 50% penapena | | Ngā Penapena a te Whare Hauora Carilion (3 tau) | Kāore i te wātea | $850,000 | Kāore i te wātea | | Ngā Para o te Whare Hauora Carilion kua Whakakorehia (3 tau)| Kāore i te wātea | 515,000 lbs | Kāore i te wātea | | Te Whakaora i ngā Taputapu Pokanga (mō ia tikanga)| Kāore i te wātea | $1.50 | Kāore i te wātea | | Ngā Penapena ā-Tau a UNC Rex Healthcare| Kāore i te wātea | $60,000 | Kāore i te wātea | | Ngā Penapena Utu mō ngā Kākahu Ma | Kāore i te wātea | 58% | Kāore i te wātea |
E whakaatu ana ēnei tatauranga mā te huri ki ngā kākahu whakamahi anō ka nui te penapena pūtea me te whakaiti i ngā para mō ngā pūnaha hauora.
Ko te whiriwhiri whai whakaaro mō ngā papanga kākahu hōhipera he mea nui tonu mō te tiaki me te haumaru o te tūroro. Ko ngā whanaketanga tonu, pērā i te hangarau AGXX, ka tino whakarei ake i te whakahaere mate mā te patu huakita me ngā huaketo. Ko ngā auahatanga ā muri ake nei ka arotahi ki ngā rauemi pumau pērā i te Waikawa Polylactic (PLA), e whakaiti ana i te pānga ki te taiao. Ko ēnei whanaketanga e oati ana i ngā papanga hauora haumaru ake, he pai ake te taiao.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā papanga kākahu hōhipera whatu me ngā papanga kākahu hōhipera kore-whatu?
He miro whiri ngā papanga whatu, e roa ai te mau mō ngā kākahu ka taea te whakamahi anō. Ka honoa ngā muka e ngā papanga kore-whatu, ka māmā, ka taea te whakamahi anō, ā, he pai hoki ngā āhuatanga ārai.
He aha i whakamahia ai e ngā hōhipera te papanga SMS mō te nuinga o ngā kākahu?
He pai rawa atu te ātete wai me te whai huatanga o te ārai moroiti mai i te papanga SMS. Ka ārai tōna hanganga maha-paparanga i ngā wai me ngā mate urutā, ā, ka whakaiti nui i ngā tūponotanga poke i ngā wā o ngā mahi hauora.
He pai ake te taiao o ngā kākahu hōhipera ka taea te whakamahi anō i ...?
Ae, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau he nui te whakaiti a ngā kākahu whakamahi anō i te pānga ki te taiao. He iti ake te kaha me te wai e pau ana, he iti ake ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, ā, he iti ake te para totoka e puta ana i roto i tō rātou huringa ora. ♻️
Wā tuku: Hanuere-29-2026