Ichaziwe indlela yokukhetha ilaphu kwiingubo zesibhedlele

Ukukhethwa kwelaphu kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwezigulane kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo. Iimpawu ezithile zelaphu leengubo zesibhedlele zinefuthe ngqo kulawulo losulelo kunye nentuthuzelo yesigulana kwiindawo zonyango. Ukukhetha ilaphu elingaphantsi kwelona lifanelekileyo kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokwenzakala koxinzelelo kwaye kuthintele ukuhambahamba kwesigulana. Izigulana zihlala zingenalo ulawulo kwiindlela zokuyila iingubo, nto leyo echaphazela intuthuzelo kunye nesidima somntu.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Amalaphu ahlukeneyo eengubo zesibhedlele anika amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhuseleko kunye nentuthuzelo. Amalaphu angalukwanga afana neSMS anika imiqobo eqinileyo yokulwa neentsholongwane, ngelixa amalaphu alukiweyo afana nekotoni enika intuthuzelo.
• Iingubo zesibhedlele ziyavavanywa ukuze kubonwe ukuba zithintela njani ulwelo kunye neentsholongwane. Amanqanaba e-AAMI (1-4) abonisa ukuba ingakanani na inkuselo enikwa yingubo, apho iNqanaba lesi-4 liphezulu.
• Iingubo zesibhedlele eziphinda zisetyenziswe zilungele okusingqongileyo kwaye zingonga imali. Zinciphisa inkunkuma kwaye zisebenzisa amandla amancinci namanzi xa kuthelekiswa neengubo ezilahlwayo.

Ukuqonda Iindidi Zelaphu Leengubo Zesibhedlele

Amalaphu Angalukwanga Eengubo Zesibhedlele

Amalaphu angalukwanga ayindlela eqhelekileyo yokukhethaiilokhwe zesibhedlele. Abavelisi benza ezi zinto ngokudibanisa imicu endaweni yokuziluka. Enye indlela ephambili kukudibanisa i-spunbonding. Le nkqubo isebenzisa ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo ukwenza ilaphu eliqinileyo nelikhaphukhaphu. Enye indlela ebalulekileyo kukunyibilikisa. Apha, izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo ziphuma kwilaphu, emva koko zipholile kwaye ziqine. Olu maleko lubonelela ngomqobo osebenzayo nxamnye nolwelo kunye neebhaktheriya. Ukudibanisa iinkqubo ze-spunbond kunye ne-meltblown kubangela ilaphu elikhaphukhaphu, eliphefumlayo, nelimelana nokukrazuka. Olu dibaniso luthintela ngempumelelo ukusasazeka kosulelo.

Amalaphu alukiweyo eengubo zesibhedlele

Amalaphu alukiweyo anika olunye ukhetho kwiingubo zesibhedlele, ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezenziwe ngefayibha ziquka i-polyester ye-monofilament eyi-100%. Amanye amalaphu alukiweyo aquka i-polyester eyi-99% ene-1% yekhabhoni fiber stripe. Le fayibha yekhabhoni inceda ekuchithekeni okungashukumiyo kunye nokumelana nolwelo. Ngokwembali, imixube yekotoni kunye ne-poly-cotton yayiqhelekile kwiingubo ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu zazo ezinemingxuma zivumela iintsholongwane ukuba zidlule. Amalaphu e-micro-filament aneentambo ezilukiweyo eziqinileyo nezicolekileyo kakhulu. Abavelisi baphinda bazicwangcise nge-arhente ephobisayo ukuze baphucule iimpawu zabo zokukhusela.

Izinto ezidityanisiweyo kwiingubo zesibhedlele

Ngokuqinisekileyoiinkqubo zonyango, izinto ezifakwe i-single-ply zisenokungabi nazo iimpawu ezaneleyo zokuthintela. Kwezi meko, izinto ezidityanisiweyo zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphuculweyo. Abavelisi benza izinto ezidityanisiweyo ngokufaka ezinye iileya, ii-coating, okanye izinto zokuqinisa. Olu luhlu luphucula iimpawu zemveliso ezifana nokufunxa, ukumelana nokutyibilika, kunye namandla. Indibaniselwano eqhelekileyo yezinto ibandakanya iifayibha ze-wood pulp kunye ne-polypropylene (PP). Umzekelo, umxube we-70% wood pulp kunye neefayibha ze-PP ezingama-30% wenza ilaphu le-spunlace elinomgangatho omnye. I-wood pulp ifunxa ngokukhawuleza ulwelo, ngelixa iifayibha ze-PP zibonelela ngesakhiwo esiqinileyo. Le nhlanganisela ivumela ukujikeleza komoya ngelixa ivimba iibhaktheriya kunye nolwelo. Amalaphu adityanisiweyo anokubandakanya ii-antibacterial agents ezingaphiliyo, ezifana neefayibha zesilivere eziguqulwe yi-ion, ezidityaniswe ngexesha lokukhupha ifayibha.

Iipropati zeentlobo zelaphu leengubo zesibhedlele eziqhelekileyo

Ukuqonda iimpawu ezithile zeengubo ezahlukeneyo zesibhedlele kunceda amaziko ezempilo ukuba enze ukhetho olunolwazi. Isixhobo ngasinye sibonelela ngeenzuzo ezikhethekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kunye namanqanaba okhuseleko.

Ilaphu lePolypropylene Spunbond

Ilaphu le-polypropylene spunbond likhethwa kakhulu kwiingubo zesibhedlele ezilahlwayo. Abavelisi benza le nto ngokukhupha i-polypropylene enyibilikisiweyo baze bayijikele ibe yimicu emincinci. Emva koko badibanisa ezi micu besebenzisa ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Le nkqubo ibangela ilaphu elikhaphukhaphu, eliphefumlayo, nelingabizi kakhulu. Linika umgangatho osisiseko wokumelana nolwelo kunye nomqobo weenxalenye. Abasebenzi bezempilo badla ngokusebenzisa iingubo ze-polypropylene spunbond kwiinkqubo ezinomngcipheko omncinci okanye unyango oluqhelekileyo lwezigulane apho ukhuseleko olukhulu lomqobo lungeyonto iphambili.

Ilaphu leSpunbond Meltblown Spunbond (SMS)

Ilaphu le-SMS limele inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kubuchwepheshe obungalukwanga kwiingubo zesibhedlele. Liqulathe iileya ezintathu: iileya ezimbini zangaphandle ze-spunbond (S) kunye neleya yangaphakathi ye-meltblown (M). Iileya ze-spunbond zinika amandla kunye nokuqina, ngelixa ileya ye-meltblown isebenza njengomqobo obalulekileyo. Le leya ye-meltblown ithintela ngokufanelekileyo ulwelo kunye namasuntswana amancinci.

Ii-SMS nonwovens zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuthinteleni ukudluliselwaS. aureuskwayeI-E. colikwizisombululo zesaline xa kuthelekiswa namalaphu alukiweyo. Iingubo ezisekwe kwi-polypropylene, kuquka ne-SMS laminates, zibonelela ngokhuseleko olukhulu ekungeneni kweentsholongwane phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezivavanyiweyo. Umaleko onyibilikayo kwilaphu le-SMS ubonelela ngomqobo ongangeni kwiintsholongwane kwaye ufikelela kwi->95% ye-viral filtration efficiency (VFE) kwiintsholongwane ezincinci njenge-0.1 microns.

Ilaphu le-SMS linika ukumelana okugqwesileyo kolwelo. Cinga ngolu thelekiso lulandelayo loxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic, olulinganisa ukumelana kwelaphu ukungena kwamanzi:

Olu lwazi lubonisa ukuba ilaphu le-SMS liphumelela kakhulu kune-spunbond polypropylene ekumelaneni nolwelo, ingakumbi xa linobunzima obuphezulu. I-SMS ikwagqwesa ekusebenzeni kakuhle kokuhluza iintsholongwane (BFE):

Iingubo zeSMS zinciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wongcoliseko kunye nokudluliselwa kweentsholongwane. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba iingubo zeSMS zinciphise umngcipheko wongcoliseko ngama-68% xa kuthelekiswa neengubo zePP eziqhelekileyo. Zikwanciphise amazinga okudluliselwa kweentsholongwane ngama-67% xa kuthelekiswa neempahla ezilukiweyo. Oku kwenza ukubaThumela i-SMS into ekhethwayo kwiingubo zotyandokunye nezinye izicelo ezinemiqobo ephezulu.

Ilaphu lePolyethylene

Ilaphu lePolyethylene (PE) laziwa ngokungangeni manzi kwalo ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Abavelisi badla ngokulisebenzisa kwiingubo zokwahlukanisa apho kufuneka kubekho umqobo opheleleyo wolwelo. Iingubo zeChlorinated polyethylene (CPE), uhlobo oluqhelekileyo, zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluqinileyo.

• Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali zeCPE lunika amandla kunye nokuguquguquka. Oku kuyenza ifaneleke kwiimpahla zokukhusela ezilahlwayo kwiimeko ezimanzi nezomileyo.
• Iingubo zeCPE azinamanzi. Isamente ekhethekileyo yepolymer kunye nentlama yokuncamathelisa zenza umaleko onamandla okungenamanzi.
• Zibonisa ukumelana nokwaluphala, zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko zemozulu ezimbi nakwiindawo ezinzima. Zikwanayo ukumelana ne-ozone eyaneleyo, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ngexesha leendyikityha.
• Oogqirha banxiba ii-CPE zokwahlukanisa ngexesha lotyando ukuze bahlale bengenazo iintsholongwane kwaye baqinisekise ukhuseleko lwezigulane.
• Iingubo ze-CPE zinceda ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka kweentsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane kwizibhedlele nakwiiyunithi zokonga, ziqinisekisa ucoceko.

Iingubo zokwahlukanisa zeRitmed® AssureWear® Polyethylene, umzekelo, zinoyilo oluphezulu olunezigqubuthelo zesithupha. Ezi ngubo zenziwe nge-spunbond polyethylene kwaye zinemithungo ethungiweyo ukuze ziqine kakhulu. Azina-latex kwaye zihlelwe njengohlobo lwengubo yokwahlukanisa. Ukungangeni kwazo kubonisa ukusebenza kwazo okukhuselekileyo.

Ilaphu leengubo zesibhedlele zeCotton kunye neCotton Blend

Amalaphu axutywe ngekotoni kunye nekotoni zezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa iilokhwe zasesibhedlele ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona. Zinika intuthuzelo enkulu kunye nokuphefumla kakuhle kwizigulana.

Zenziwe ngezinto ezikhululekileyo neziphefumlayo ezifana nomqhaphu okanye imixube yekotoni, iilokhwe zethu zesigulana zibeka phambili intuthuzelo yesigulana ngelixa ziqinisekisa ukugqunywa okufanelekileyo.

Nangona ikhululekile, imo yekotoni inemibhobho ithetha ukuba ayiniki manzi amaninzi. Oku kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo ezifuna ukhuseleko oluphezulu. Imixube yekotoni, edla ngokuba ne-polyester, ijolise ekuphuculeni ukuqina nokunciphisa ukushwabana ngelixa igcina intuthuzelo yekotoni. Ukugcina ukuthembeka kwezi gown kufuna iindlela ezithile zokuhlamba impahla. Iigown ezingcolileyo zidlula kwinkqubo yokucoca ebanzi. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuhlamba, ukubulala iintsholongwane, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Amanyathelo athile axhomekeke kuhlobo lwegown kunye nenqanaba lokungcola eliye ladibana nalo. Iigown zokwahlukanisa ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona, ezifana neegowns ezimthubi ezinobunzima obuphakathi, zenziwe ngelaphu elixutywe ne-polyester-cotton elihlala ixesha elide neliphefumlayo le-55/45. Lo mxube wenzelwe ukunyamezela ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kunye nokuhlanjwa ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni iimpawu zawo zokukhusela. Oku kuyenza ifaneleke kwiindawo ezifuna unyango.

Ilaphu leengubo zesibhedlele zePolyester kunye nePolyester Blend

Amalaphu axutywe yipolyester kunye nepolyester aqhelekile kwiingubo zesibhedlele ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona ngenxa yokuqina kwazo, amandla, kunye nokumelana nokushwabana nokushwabana. Ipolyester inika ukumelana okuhle kweekhemikhali kwaye ayifunxi ulwelo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngumqobo ongcono kwiingcolisi ezithile kunekotoni.

Iingubo zelebhu zepolyester, umzekelo, zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zihlala ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, iingubo zelebhu zekotoni azinawo amandla okuxhathisa ulwelo kunye neekhemikhali. Iingxube zepolyester zihlala zidibanisa ipolyester kunye nekotoni ukulinganisela intuthuzelo kunye nokuqina okuphuculweyo kunye nokumelana nolwelo. Ezi laphu zinokumelana nemijikelo emininzi yokuhlamba ngelixa zigcina iimpawu zazo zokukhusela.

Umphathi wesikhungo se-dialysis uxele ukuba ii-gowns ezingaphumeleliyo ngaphantsi kwe-90% yamandla azo okuqala okutsalwa emva kokuhlamba izihlandlo ezingama-20 zithathwa njengezingafanelekanga. Oku kwabangela ukutshintshela kwi-polyester exutyiweyo, eyagcina amandla angama-95% emva kokuhlamba izihlandlo ezingama-60. Oku kubonisa ubude obuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-polyester kunye nemixube yayo kwii-gowns zesibhedlele ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona.

Iikhrayitheriya eziphambili zokusebenza kweLaphu leeGowns zeSibhedlele

Izibonelelo zonyango zivavanya ngononophelo iikhrayitheriya ezininzi eziphambili zokusebenza xa zikhethailaphu leengubo zesibhedleleEzi ndlela ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwezigulane, ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi bezempilo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Ukumelana nolwelo kunye nokukhuselwa kwezithintelo

Ukumelana nolwelo yeyona nto iphambili kwiingubo zesibhedlele. Kuthintela ukungena kwegazi, ulwelo lomzimba, kunye nolunye ulwelo. I-Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) yaseka inkqubo yokwahlulahlula (Amanqanaba 1-4) ukuvavanya ukungena kolwelo kwiingubo ezilahlwayo.

• Iingubo zeLevel 1 zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluncinci lokuthintela ukungcola okuncinci. Abavelisi bavavanya ezi ngubo ukuze babone ukuba azinampembelelo yokutshizwa ngamanzi kuphela, besebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-AATCC 42.
• Iingubo zeLevel 2 zibonelela ngokhuseleko olukhanyayo ukuya koluphakathi ekungeneni kolwelo. Zivavanywa zombini ukuchatshazelwa ngamanzi (umz., i-AATCC 42) kunye noxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic (umz., i-AATCC 127).
• Iingubo zotyando, rhoqo kwiNqanaba lesi-3 kunye neNqanaba lesi-4, zisebenzisa amagama e-AAMI. Zibonisa ukhuseleko oluqinisiweyo lwemiqobo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo.

Amanqanaba e-AAMI kwilaphu leengubo zesibhedlele amiselwa kusetyenziswa iindlela zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni. I-ASTM F1670 kunye ne-ASTM F1671 zezona zingqongqo kakhulu. Olu vavanyo lubandakanya ulwelo lomzimba kunye nee-simulants ze-pathogen ezithwalwa ligazi. Iingubo ezidlula kwi-ASTM F1671 kuphela ezihlelwa njengeNqanaba lesi-4. Oku kubonisa ukungenwa yintsholongwane. Amanqanaba aphantsi (1, 2, kunye no-3) avavanywa emanzini. Abonisa ukumelana nolwelo olunamandla aphezulu omphezulu. Abavelisi baxela nokusebenza ngokuchasene ne-AATCC 42 kunye ne-AATCC 127. Imigangatho yaseYurophu isebenzisa i-ISO kuvavanyo olufanayo lokusebenza komqobo.

Iimfuno zomthetho ziyahluka kwiingubo zotyando nezokwahlukanisa.

• Iingubo Zotyando:
  • Indawo ebalulekileyo iquka ubuncinane iphaneli engaphambili (indawo A) kunye nemikhono engezantsi (indawo B).
  • Uhlu lusekelwe kwinxalenye yokusebenza okuphantsi kwezi ndawo zimbini.
  • Lonke icala elingaphambili lengubo (indawo u-A, u-B, kunye no-C) kufuneka libe nomgangatho ofanelekileyo ubuncinane kwiNqanaba loku-1.
  • Umva welokhwe (indawo D) unokuba ungakhuseli.
• Iingubo zokuzihlukanisa:
  • Lonke eli sambatho lithathwa njengendawo ebalulekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokudibana okungalindelekanga negazi, ulwelo lomzimba, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukosuleleka (OPIM).
  • Lonke ilokhwe yokwahlukanisa, kuquka imithungo (ngaphandle kwee-cuffs, ii-hems, kunye nee-bindings), kufuneka ifezekise ukusebenza okufunwayo kwesithintelo.
  • Iingubo zokwahlukanisa ezivulekileyo ngasemva azihlangabezani nemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yendawo. Azinakufumana uphononongo.

I-FDA ithatha iilokhwe zotyando njengezixhobo zeKlasi yesiBini. Zifuna isaziso sangaphambi kwemarike (ukungeniswa kwe-510k). Iilokhwe zotyando kufuneka zibhalwe njenge-AAMI Level 3 okanye 4 ukuba zithengiswa 'njengezotyando' e-US. Azinakuthi ziyiKlasi yoku-1 okanye yesi-2 ye-AAMI ukuba zithengiswa 'njengezotyando'. Iilokhwe zokwahlukanisa zinokulinganiswa kwiKlasi yoku-1-4 ye-AAMI okanye zingalinganiswanga. Iilokhwe zokwahlukanisa zeKlasi yoku-1 neyesi-2 zizixhobo zeKlasi yoku-1. Azidingi saziso sangaphambi kwemarike. Iilokhwe zokwahlukanisa zeKlasi yesi-3 neyesi-4 zizixhobo ezinobungozi obukhulu. Zifuna isaziso sangaphambi kwemarike. Zombini ezi ntlobo zeelokhwe ziwela phantsi kwe-21 CFR 878.4040. I-FDA ithatha iilokhwe ezinokhuselo oluphakathi ukuya koluphezulu (Amanqanaba 3 kunye no-4) njengezixhobo ezinobungozi obukhulu.

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ishwankathela amanqanaba e-AAMI kunye neendlela zovavanyo ezihambelanayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesithintelo:

Ukusebenza kakuhle kweMiqobo yeMicrobial

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-microbial barrier kulinganisa amandla elaphu okuthintela iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane. Oku kubalulekile ekulawuleni usulelo. Kwiimveliso ezenzelwe ukuthintela iinxalenye eziphuma emoyeni kunye nongcoliseko lwebhayoloji, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhluza lolona didi lubalulekileyo lovavanyo. Olu sapho lweemvavanyo lubonelela ngedatha enokulinganiswa malunga nokukwazi kwezixhobo ukusebenza njengomqobo womzimba ngokuchasene neentsholongwane kunye nee-aerosols.

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ichaza iindlela eziqhelekileyo zovavanyo lokusebenza kakuhle komqobo weentsholongwane:

Uvavanyo lwe-viral filtration efficiency (VFE) lubaluleke kakhulu. Iintsholongwane zincinci kakhulu kuneebhaktheriya. Oku kuzenza zibe ngumceli mngeni omkhulu kwi-fine filter media. Uvavanyo lwe-VFE oluphezulu alunakuxoxiswana ngalo naliphi na imveliso ebanga ukhuseleko kwiintsholongwane ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane eziphuma emoyeni. Iilabhoratri kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba ukungena komoya wezinto (okulinganiswe nge-ΔP) kuhlala kuphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuze kukhuseleke umsebenzisi. Oku kubonelela ngokulinganisela okubalulekileyo phakathi kokuphefumla kunye nokukhusela.

Kwi-bacterial filtration, amalaphu kufuneka afikelele kwi-Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE) encinci (BFE) ye-98%. I-ASTM F2101 ilinganisa oku. Kwi-antimicrobial activity, amalaphu kufuneka abonise ukwehla kwe-3 log in activity ye-microbial. Oku kuthetha ukubulala i-99.9% yee-pathogens ekujoliswe kuzo. I-ISO 20743 iyakuvavanya oku.

Ukuphefumla kunye neNtuthuzelo

Ukuphefumla kwiilaphu, kuquka nezo zisetyenziselwa iilokhwe zasesibhedlele, kulinganiswa ngomlinganiselo wazo wokungena komoya. Oku kubonisa indlela umoya odlula lula ngayo kwizinto. Olu mgangatho lubalulekile kwiindlela ezithile zokusebenza. Umlinganiselo ophezulu ubonisa amalaphu anokuphefumla ngakumbi. Umlinganiselo ophantsi ubonisa ukuphefumla okuncinci. Izinto ezininzi zichaphazela ukuvuleka komoya kwilaphu. Ezi ziquka ubukhulu befayibha (iifayibha ezincinci zihlala zinyusa ukuvuleka), uhlobo lokuluka (ukuluka okuqinileyo kunciphisa ukuhamba komoya, ngelixa ukuluka okukhululekileyo kuyawuphucula), kunye nokugqitywa kwelaphu (ezinye izinto ezigqityiweyo zivimba ukuhamba komoya, ngelixa ezinye ziphucula ukuphefumla). Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvavanya ukuvuleka komoya ziquka i-ASTM D737 kunye ne-ISO 9237. Ezi ziquka izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokulinganisa izinga lokuhamba komoya ngeesampuli zelaphu. Iziphumo zimisela umgangatho wokuvuleka komoya. Oku kukhokela ukukhethwa kwezinto ukuze kusebenze kakuhle.

Kwilaphu eliqhelekileyo, ukungena komoya kudla ngokuba phakathi kwe-100 ukuya kwi-300 L/m²/s. Amalaphu anokungena komoya okuphantsi, adla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-100 L/m²/s, awaphefumli kakhulu. Abavelisi bawasebenzisa kwiimpahla zokuzikhusela apho kufuneka khona ukuhamba komoya okulinganiselweyo. Ukungena komoya okuphezulu, okungaphezulu kwe-300 L/m²/s, kubonisa amalaphu aphefumla kakhulu. La afanelekile kwiimpahla zemidlalo kunye neempahla ezisebenzayo. Amalaphu ezonyango, afana nalawo eengubo zesibhedlele, aneemfuno ezizodwa 'zokungena komoya okulawulekayo'. Oku kulinganisela ukhuseleko kunye nokuphefumla. Kuqinisekisa ukutshintshiselana komoya okufanelekileyo ukuze isigulane sikhululeke kwaye sikhuseleke.

Ngokwesiko, iilokhwe zotyando ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona zenziwa ngekotoni ye-muslin. Eli yayililaphu elilukiweyo elithambileyo, elinomoya omninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ukumelana kwalo nokungena kolwelo okuphantsi kwakhokelela ekwehleni kokusetyenziswa kwalo. Iilokhwe zanamhlanje zihlala zisebenzisa imixube ye-polyester okanye ye-polyester-cotton. Ngelixa imixube ye-polyester-cotton yayinika intuthuzelo entle yobushushu, zikwajongene nemingeni yokukhusela ukungena kolwelo. Amalaphu e-polyester enziwe nge-filament aqinileyo anika ukhuseleko olwandisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, anokubangela ukungonwabi ngenxa yokunciphisa intuthuzelo yobushushu. Amalaphu angelukiweyo, asetyenziswa rhoqo kwiilokhwe ezisetyenziswa kanye, aquka i-spunlace, i-spunbond–meltblown–spunbond (SMS), kunye nezinto ezifakwe emanzini. Amanye amalaphu e-nonwoven avavanywe njengepholileyo ngenxa yobunzima obulula. Nangona kunjalo, amalaphu angelukiweyo aqhelekileyo aye ajongene nomngeni ngenxa yokungena kwawo komoya okuphantsi kunye nesantya sokudluliselwa komphunga womswakama. Oku kuchaphazela amanqanaba entuthuzelo.

Iimpawu ezininzi zelaphu zinegalelo elikhulu kwintuthuzelo yobushushu besigulane kunye nolawulo lokufuma:

• Iipropati ezilungileyo zokufuma, ukoma ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokumelana okuphantsi kobushushu kunye nokufuma kwenza ukuba intuthuzelo ibe phezulu. Ilaphu le-polyester 8 leempahla zemidlalo ngumzekelo.
• Ukumelana okuphezulu kobushushu nomphunga kunye namaxesha okuma amade kubangela ukuba intuthuzelo ingancinci. Ilaphu lesi-4 ngumzekelo.
• Iimpawu ezilungileyo zokulawula ukufuma, ukumelana nobushushu obuphantsi kunye nomphunga, kunye namaxesha amafutshane okomisa abonisa amalaphu akhululekileyo. Ilaphu 10 ngumzekelo.
• Ukumelana okuphezulu kobushushu kunye nomphunga, ukungena komphunga okuphantsi, kunye namaxesha okomisa amade kunxulunyaniswa namalaphu angakhululekanga kangako. Amalaphu okukhusela ubushushu 18, 5, 4, 10, 2, 9, kunye ne-17 yimizekelo.

Ubunzima belaphu kunye nobukhulu buchaphazela ukumelana nobushushu kunye nomphunga wamanzi. Ukunciphisa oku kunciphisa ukumelana nomphunga. Oku kuluncedo kwiimeko ezishushu. Iipropati zokudlulisa umswakama wolwelo zibalulekile kwiimeko ezishushu ezinezinga eliphezulu lokubila. Iilaphu ezifunxa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zithuthe umswakama kude nolusu zonyusa intuthuzelo. Iimpahla ezilukiweyo ezimanzi zinciphisa kakhulu intuthuzelo. Ukwanda komswakama kwi-microclimate yempahla yesikhumba kunciphisa intuthuzelo ebonwayo. Kukho ubudlelwane obuqinileyo phakathi kokwanda kokubona ukumanzi kunye nokuncipha kwentuthuzelo ebonwayo yobushushu. Kwiimeko ezishushu, ukumanzi kolusu kunxulumene kakhulu nentuthuzelo ebonwayo yobushushu kunobushushu bomphezulu wesikhumba.

Kukho ulwalamano oluhle kakhulu phakathi kwexesha lokomisa, ukumelana nokufuma (Ret), kunye nokumelana nobushushu (Rct). Oku kubonisa ukuba amalaphu anokumelana nobushushu obukhulu kunye nokufuma athatha ixesha elide ukoma. Ixesha lokomisa lihambelana kakubi nesantya sokusasazeka komswakama (MWR).Bkunye nerediyasi yokufuma ebusweni bangaphandle (SS)BOku kuthetha ukuba ukusasazeka komswakama ngokukhawuleza kunye nerediyasi ephezulu yomswakama inegalelo ekomeni ngokukhawuleza. Imodeli yokusebenza kwenduduzo ye-thermo-physiological (TCP) ibandakanya iiparameter eziphambili zelaphu. Ezi ziquka ubunzima, isantya sokusasazeka komswakama, kunye nokumelana nokufuma. Ilaphu 8 (86% PES + 14% EL) lichongiwe njengelona likhululekileyo. Oku kungenxa yeempawu zalo ezilungileyo zokulawula ukushisa. Uvavanyo lwe-Wear luqinisekisile oku, apho ngaphezulu kwama-80% abathathi-nxaxheba bafumene ukuba likhululekile kakhulu.

Ukuqina kunye nokuSebenza kwakhona

Ukuqina kwayo yinto ebalulekileyo kwiingubo zesibhedlele ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona. Imisela ukuba zingaphi izihlandlo izambatho ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemijikelo yokuhlanjwa nokuhlanjwa, ngelixa zigcina iimpawu zayo zokukhusela.

Ixesha eliphakathi lobomi belokhwe yokwahlukanisa esetyenziswa kwakhona limalunga nee-wash ezingama-64. Ezi lokhwe zisetyenziswa kwakhona zihlala zenziwe ngelaphu le-polyester elukiweyo.

Olu bude bexesha elide lwenza ii-gowns eziphinda zisetyenziswe zibe lukhetho oluzinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, amaziko kufuneka asebenzise amanyathelo angqongqo okulawula umgangatho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ii-gowns zigcina ukhuseleko lwazo emva kokuhlamba ngakunye. Kubalulekile ukuvavanya rhoqo ukukrazuka, imingxunya, okanye imithungo eyonakeleyo.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kunye nempembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo

Izibonelelo zonyango ziya ziqwalasela ngakumbi zombini iindleko ezifanelekileyo kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo xa zikhetha iilokhwe zesibhedlele.

Uvavanyo lomjikelo wobomi oluthelekisa iinkqubo zeengubo ezisetyenziswa kwakhona kunye neenkqubo ezilahlwayo kwinqanaba leziko lezonyango lubonise iingenelo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo zeengubo ezisetyenziswa kwakhona:

• Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngama-28%
• Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu obuphezulu ngama-30%
• Ukuncipha kwama-41% ekusetyenzisweni kwamanzi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• Ukuncipha kwama-93% ekuvelisweni kwenkunkuma eqinileyo

Icandelo lezempilo laseMelika linegalelo elikhulu kwinkunkuma kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu. Inkonzo yotyando kuphela ivelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70% yenkunkuma eqinileyo kwizibhedlele zaseMelika. Oku kufikelela kwi-2.8 yeebhiliyoni zeepawundi ngonyaka. Imisebenzi idla ngokuvelisa malunga neepawundi ezingama-50 zenkunkuma ngetyala ngalinye. Imisebenzi yamathambo kunye neyentliziyo ivelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200 yeepawundi. Imveliso yenkunkuma kwizibhedlele zaseMelika inyuke nge-15% ngonyaka ukusukela ngo-1992. Oku kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezixhobo ezilahlwayo. Iilaphu ezilahlwayo, kuquka neengubo zotyando, zinegalelo elikhulu kwinkunkuma yegumbi lokutyanda.

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ithelekisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yeengubo zotyando ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe xa kuthelekiswa neengubo zotyando ezilahlwayo:

Uphando lubonisa rhoqo ukuba amalaphu ezempilo angasetyenziswa kwakhona (ii-HCT), kuquka neengubo zotyando, akhokelela ekuncipheni kwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ezisetyenziswayo. Ezi nzuzo ziquka ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okuphantsi, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuncinci, inkunkuma encinci eqinileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okuncinci. Ubhubhane we-COVID-19 ugxininise ngakumbi uzinzo lweenkqubo ze-PPE ezijikelezileyo ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona phezu kweendlela zokubonelela ezingasetyenziswayo. Ngaphandle kwezi nzuzo zokusingqongileyo, ii-HCT ezisetyenziswa kwakhona okwangoku zimele icandelo elincinci lobonelelo lwe-PPE yase-US.

Umlinganiselo wendalo we-PPE ephinda isetyenziswe kunye nelahlwayo unokuncipha ngokwenziwa kwemveliso yendawo. Oku kunciphisa umgama wokuthunyelwa. Nangona iilokhwe eziphinda zisetyenziswe zinzima, impembelelo yokuthutha kwazo kwindalo incinci xa ithelekiswa neenkqubo zokwenziwa. Inkunkuma yodidi A (izinto ezisulelayo kakhulu) ibiza kakhulu kwaye iyinkimbinkimbi kunenkunkuma yezonyango elawulwayo. Ifuna ukupakishwa okungakumbi kunye neendlela ezinokuba nzima. I-PPE elahlwayo inokongeza iipawundi ezingama-60–70 zezinto zokupakisha ngebhini nganye. Oku kwandisa iindleko zokuthutha kunye nemiphumo yokusingqongileyo. Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ngendlela engalunganga kwizibhedlele kukhokelela ekubeni inkunkuma yezonyango elawulwayo ibekwe ngendlela engafanelekanga kwi-70%. Oku kuthwala umthwalo ongakumbi kwiindleko zoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukunciphisa iingcebiso ze-PPE ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kwesayensi umngcipheko, njengoko kubonwe kwi-MRSA kunye ne-VRE, kunokunceda nokusingqongileyo.

Ukuthelekiswa kweendleko zomjikelo wobomi kukwanceda iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona:

| Inqaku | Iingubo Ezilahlwayo (Ngaphambi Kokuguqulwa) | Iingubo Eziphinda Zisetyenziswe (Emva Kokuguqulwa) | Ukonga/Ukunciphisa | | :——————————– | :—————————– | :————————– | :—————- | | Umthamo Wenkunkuma Epheleleyo (ii-lbs nge-APD) | 19 | 17.4 | Ii-lbs eziyi-1.7 (9%) | | Iindleko ze-EVS (iisenti nge-APD) | $2.06 | $1.88 | 18¢ (9%) | | Inkcitho Yonke Yenkunkuma kunye Nabasebenzi (nge-APD) | Akukho | Akukho | 30¢ | | Iindleko Ngokusetyenziswa Kwengubo (kuquka ukuhlamba impahla)| Akukho | 58¢ (ingubo eyi-13¢ + ukuhlamba impahla eyi-45¢) | Akukho | | Iindleko Zengubo Esetyenziswa Kanye | 60¢ | Akukho | Akukho | | Iindleko Ezipheleleyo Ngengubo (emva kokonga inkunkuma) | Akukho | 28¢ | Ukonga kwe-53% | | Ukonga Kwempilo Yonyaka ye-UCLA | Alukho | $450,000 | Alukho | | Inkunkuma yezeMpilo ye-UCLA ijikelezisiwe | Alukho | iitoni eziyi-1,180 | Alukho | | Iindleko zeCarilion Clinic ngokusetyenziswa kweGown | 79¢ | 39¢ | Ukonga ngama-50% | | Ukonga kwiCarilion Clinic (iminyaka emi-3) | Alukho | $850,000 | Alukho | | Inkunkuma yeCarilion Clinic isusiwe (iminyaka emi-3) | Alukho | 515,000 lbs | Alukho | | Ukufunyanwa kweZixhobo zotyando (ngenkqubo nganye) | Alukho | $1.50 | Alukho | | Ukonga kwiZixhobo zoNyaka ze-UNC Rex Healthcare | Alukho | $60,000 | Alukho | | Ukonga kwiindleko zeCoveralls zeCleanroom | Alukho | 58% | Alukho |

La manani abonisa ukuba ukuguqukela kwiingubo ezisetyenziswa kwakhona kunokukhokelela ekongeni imali eninzi kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma kwiinkqubo zezempilo.

Ukukhethwa okunolwazi kwelaphu leengubo zesibhedlele kuhlala kubaluleke kakhulu kukhathalelo nokhuseleko lwezigulane. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo, olufana nobuchwepheshe be-AGXX, luphucula kakhulu ulawulo losulelo ngokubulala ngempumelelo iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya. Ubuchule bexesha elizayo bukwagxila kwizinto ezizinzileyo ezifana nePolylactic Acid (PLA), enciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Olu phuhliso luthembisa amalaphu ezonyango akhuselekileyo nanobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.

FAQ

Yintoni umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamalaphu eengubo zesibhedlele ezilukiweyo nezingelukiweyo?

Amalaphu alukiweyo adibanisa imisonto, nto leyo enika ukuqina kwiingubo ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Amalaphu angalukwanga adibanisa imisonto, nto leyo enika ukhetho olukhaphukhaphu nolungasetyenziswayo oluneempawu ezisebenzayo zokuthintela.

Kutheni izibhedlele zisebenzisa ilaphu le-SMS kwiingubo ezininzi?

Ilaphu le-SMS linika ukumelana okuphezulu kolwelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuthintela iintsholongwane. Ulwakhiwo lwalo oluneeleya ezininzi luthintela ulwelo kunye neentsholongwane, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wongcoliseko ngexesha leenkqubo zonyango.

Ngaba iilokhwe zesibhedlele ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunezo zilahlwayo?

Ewe, izifundo zibonisa ukuba iilokhwe ezisetyenziswa kwakhona zinciphisa kakhulu impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Zisebenzisa amandla amancinci namanzi amancinci, zivelisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ukugquma komhlaba okuncinci, kwaye zivelisa inkunkuma encinci kakhulu kubomi bazo bonke. ♻️