Kufotokozera Zosankha za Nsalu za Malaya a Chipatala

Kusankha nsalu kumathandiza kwambiri pakuonetsetsa kuti odwala ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala ali otetezeka. Kapangidwe ka nsalu za kuchipatala kamakhudza mwachindunji kuwongolera matenda komanso chitonthozo cha odwala m'malo azachipatala. Kusankha nsalu zosakwanira bwino kumatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kuvulala kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndikuletsa kuyenda kwa odwala. Odwala nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi ulamuliro pa mapangidwe a zovala, zomwe zimakhudza chitonthozo ndi ulemu wa munthu.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Nsalu zosiyanasiyana za zovala zachipatala zimapereka chitetezo ndi chitonthozo chosiyanasiyana. Nsalu zosalukidwa monga SMS zimapereka zotchinga zolimba ku majeremusi, pomwe nsalu zolukidwa monga thonje zimapereka chitonthozo.
• Magalasi a kuchipatala amayesedwa kuti aone momwe amaletsera zakumwa ndi majeremusi. Magawidwe a AAMI (1-4) amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa chitetezo chomwe galu amapereka, ndipo Level 4 ndiye yapamwamba kwambiri.
• Magalasi achipatala omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi abwino kwambiri pa chilengedwe ndipo amatha kusunga ndalama. Amachepetsa kuwononga zinthu ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa ndi madzi poyerekeza ndi magalasi ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi.

Kumvetsetsa Magulu a Nsalu za Malaya a Chipatala

Nsalu Zosalukidwa za Zovala Zachipatala

Nsalu zosalukidwa ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amasankhamadiresi achipatalaOpanga amapanga zinthuzi polumikiza ulusi pamodzi m'malo mozilukira. Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndi kuluka. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi kupanikizika kuti ipange nsalu yolimba komanso yopepuka. Njira ina yofunika kwambiri ndi kusungunuka. Apa, zinthu zosungunuka zimatuluka pa nsalu, kenako zimazizira ndikulimba. Chigawochi chimapereka chotchinga chothandiza ku madzi ndi mabakiteriya. Kuphatikiza njira za kuluka ndi kusungunuka kumapangitsa kuti nsalu ikhale yopepuka, yopumira, komanso yosang'ambika. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kumateteza kufalikira kwa matenda.

Nsalu Zolukidwa za Malaya a Chipatala

Nsalu zolukidwa zimapereka njira ina yopangira madiresi achipatala, makamaka amitundu yogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mitundu ya ulusi wamba imaphatikizapo 100% monofilament polyester. Nsalu zina zolukidwa zimaphatikizapo 99% polyester yokhala ndi mzere wa 1% wa ulusi wa kaboni. Ulusi wa kaboni uwu umathandiza kuti zinthu zisawonongeke komanso kuti zisawonongeke. M'mbuyomu, thonje ndi poly-thonje zosakanikirana zinali zofala pa madiresi ogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Komabe, mphamvu zawo zokhala ndi mabowo zimalola tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudutsa. Nsalu za micro-filament zimakhala ndi ulusi wolukidwa wolimba komanso wopyapyala kwambiri. Opanga amakonzanso izi ndi chinthu choteteza madzi kuti awonjezere chitetezo chawo.

Zipangizo Zosakaniza mu Zovala Zachipatala

Ndithudinjira zachipatala, chinthu chokhala ndi ply imodzi sichingapereke zinthu zokwanira zotchinga. Pazochitika izi, zinthu zopangidwa ndi ply imodzi zimapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka. Opanga amapanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi ply imodzi mwa kuwonjezera zigawo zina, zokutira, kapena zolimbitsa. Kuyika izi kumawongolera zinthu monga kuyamwa, kukana kutsetsereka, ndi mphamvu. Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zodziwika bwino kumaphatikizapo ulusi wa pulp wa matabwa ndi polypropylene (PP). Mwachitsanzo, kusakaniza kwa pulp wa matabwa wa 70% ndi ulusi wa PP wa 30% kumapanga nsalu ya spunlace yokhala ndi ply imodzi. Pulp wa matabwa umayamwa madzi mwachangu, pomwe ulusi wa PP umapereka kapangidwe kolimba. Chophatikiza ichi chimalola mpweya kuyenda bwino uku ndikutseka mabakiteriya ndi madzi. Nsalu zopangidwa ndi ply imodzi zimathanso kuphatikiza zinthu zotsutsana ndi mabakiteriya, monga ulusi wa siliva wosinthidwa ndi ion, wophatikizidwa panthawi yotulutsa ulusi.

Mitundu ya Nsalu za Malaya Odziwika a Chipatala

Kumvetsetsa makhalidwe enieni a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsalu za chipatala kumathandiza zipatala kusankha mwanzeru. Zipangizo zilizonse zimapereka ubwino wapadera pa malo osiyanasiyana azachipatala komanso chitetezo.

Nsalu ya Polypropylene Spunbond

Nsalu ya polypropylene spunbond ndi njira yotchuka yopangira magauni achipatala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zina. Opanga amapanga nsaluyi potulutsa polypropylene yosungunuka kenako n’kuipotoza kukhala ulusi wopyapyala. Kenako amalumikiza ulusiwu pamodzi pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Njirayi imapangitsa kuti nsalu ikhale yopepuka, yopumira, komanso yotsika mtengo. Imapereka mphamvu yoyambira yolimbana ndi madzi komanso chotchinga cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Ogwira ntchito zachipatala nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magauni a polypropylene spunbond pochita zinthu zochepetsera chiopsezo kapena posamalira odwala onse komwe chitetezo chachikulu cha zotchinga sichili chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikufunika.

Nsalu ya Spunbond Meltblown Spunbond (SMS)

Nsalu ya SMS ikuyimira kupita patsogolo kwakukulu muukadaulo wosalukidwa wa madiresi achipatala. Ili ndi zigawo zitatu: zigawo ziwiri zakunja za spunbond (S) ndi gawo lamkati la meltblown (M). Zigawo za spunbond zimapereka mphamvu komanso kulimba, pomwe gawo la meltblown limagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga chofunikira. Gawo la meltblown ili limatseka bwino zakumwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono.

Ma SMS nonwovens amasonyeza bwino kwambiri poletsa kufalikira kwaS. aureusndiE. colimu njira zamchere poyerekeza ndi nsalu zolukidwa. Ma gauni okhala ndi polypropylene, kuphatikizapo ma SMS laminates, amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kwambiri ku kulowa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakati pa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zayesedwa. Gawo losungunuka mu nsalu ya SMS limapereka chotchinga chosalowa m'matenda opatsirana ndipo limafikira >95% ya mphamvu ya kusefa kwa mavairasi (VFE) ang'onoang'ono ngati 0.1 microns.

Nsalu ya SMS imapereka kukana kwabwino kwa madzi. Taganizirani kufananiza uku kwa kupanikizika kwa hydrostatic, komwe kumayesa kukana kwa nsalu kulowa kwa madzi:

Deta iyi ikuwonetsa kuti nsalu ya SMS imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuposa spunbond polypropylene pakulimbana ndi madzi, makamaka pakakhala zolemera kwambiri. SMS imagwiranso ntchito bwino pakusefa kwa mabakiteriya (BFE):

Magalasi a SMS amachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti magalasi a SMS achepetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi 68% poyerekeza ndi magalasi wamba a PP. Anachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya ndi 67% poyerekeza ndi nsalu zolukidwa. Izi zimapangitsa kutiTumizani uthenga wokhudza zovala zomwe mumakonda kwambiri povala opaleshonindi ntchito zina zopinga kwambiri.

Nsalu ya Polyethylene

Nsalu ya polyethylene (PE) imadziwika kuti ndi yosalowa madzi kwambiri. Opanga nthawi zambiri amaigwiritsa ntchito popanga magauni odzipatula komwe kuli kofunikira kuti pakhale chotchinga chamadzimadzi. Magauni a polyethylene (CPE) omwe ndi amtundu wodziwika bwino, amapereka chitetezo champhamvu.

• Kapangidwe ka mankhwala ka CPE kamapereka mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zovala zodzitetezera zomwe zingatayike nthawi zonse m'malo onyowa komanso ouma.
• Magalasi a CPE salowa madzi. Simenti yapadera ya polima ndi phala lomatira zimapanga gawo lolimba losalowa madzi.
• Amakhala ndi mphamvu zopirira ukalamba, zomwe zimathandiza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito m'nyengo yozizira komanso m'malo ovuta. Amakhalanso ndi mphamvu zokwanira zotsutsana ndi ozone, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri panthawi ya mliri.
• Madokotala amavala zovala zodzipatula za CPE panthawi ya opaleshoni kuti asunge mpweya woipa komanso kuonetsetsa kuti wodwalayo ali otetezeka.
• Zovala za CPE zimathandiza kupewa kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi m'zipatala ndi m'mayunitsi osamalira okalamba, zomwe zimathandiza kuti anthu azikhala aukhondo.

Mwachitsanzo, ma Ritmed® AssureWear® Polyethylene Isolation Gowns ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira mutu okhala ndi zomangira za chala chachikulu. Ma dress awa amapangidwa ndi spunbond polyethylene ndipo ali ndi mipata yosokedwa kuti akhale olimba kwambiri. Alibe latex ndipo amaikidwa m'gulu la ma dress odzipatula. Kusalowerera kwawo kumasonyeza kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri.

Nsalu Yopangira Magalasi a Chipatala ndi Thonje

Nsalu zosakaniza thonje ndi thonje ndi njira zachikhalidwe zogwiritsira ntchito zovala zachipatala. Zimapereka chitonthozo chachikulu komanso mpweya wabwino kwa odwala.

Zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zabwino komanso zopumira monga thonje kapena thonje, madiresi athu a odwala amaika patsogolo chitonthozo cha odwala komanso kuonetsetsa kuti ali ndi chivundikiro choyenera.

Ngakhale kuti thonje ndi lofewa, kapangidwe kake ka thonje kamatanthauza kuti silimalimbana ndi madzi ambiri. Izi zimachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'malo omwe amafunika chitetezo champhamvu. Zosakaniza za thonje, nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi polyester, cholinga chake ndi kulimbitsa kulimba ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwa thonje pamene zikusunga chitonthozo cha thonje. Kusunga umphumphu wa ma jazi awa kumafuna njira zina zotsukira. Ma jazi odetsedwa amayeretsedwa mokwanira. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo kutsuka, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi kuyeretsa. Njira zake zimatengera mtundu wa jazi komanso kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa komwe kwachitika. Ma jazi odzipatula omwe amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, monga ma jazi achikasu olemera pang'ono, amapangidwa ndi nsalu yolimba komanso yopumira ya polyester-cotton ya 55/45. Chosakaniza ichi chapangidwa kuti chizitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kutsukidwa kangapo popanda kuwononga chitetezo chake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chikhale choyenera malo ofunikira azaumoyo.

Nsalu Yopangira Magalasi a Chipatala ya Polyester ndi Polyester

Nsalu zosakaniza za polyester ndi polyester ndizofala m'magauni achipatala omwe angagwiritsidwenso ntchito chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo, mphamvu zawo, komanso kukana kuchepa ndi makwinya. Polyester imapereka kukana kwabwino kwa mankhwala ndipo simatenga madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chotchinga chabwino ku zinthu zina zodetsa kuposa thonje.

Mwachitsanzo, majasi a polyester lab ndi olimba komanso okhalitsa. Komabe, majasi a thonje lab sapereka kukana kwambiri madzi ndi mankhwala. Ma polyester osakaniza nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza polyester ndi thonje kuti agwirizane bwino ndi kulimba komanso kukana madzi. Nsalu zimenezi zimatha kupirira nthawi zambiri zotsukira pamene zikusunga mawonekedwe awo oteteza.

Woyang'anira malo oyeretsera magazi m'chipatala adanena kuti madiresi omwe anali osakwana 90% ya mphamvu yawo yoyambirira yomangirira atatsukidwa ka 20 adawonedwa kuti ndi osayenerera. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa polyester yosakanikirana, yomwe idasunga mphamvu 95% pambuyo pa kutsukidwa ka 60. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti polyester ndi zosakaniza zake zimakhala zokhalitsa komanso zotsika mtengo m'madiresi achipatala omwe angagwiritsidwenso ntchito.

Zofunikira pa Ntchito Yopangira Nsalu Yovala Zachipatala

Zipatala zimayesa mosamala mfundo zingapo zofunika posankhansalu ya madiresi achipatalaIzi zimatsimikizira chitetezo cha odwala, chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito zachipatala, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino.

Kukana Madzi ndi Chitetezo cha Zotchinga

Kukana madzimadzi ndi vuto lalikulu pa zovala za kuchipatala. Zimaletsa kulowa kwa magazi, madzi amthupi, ndi zakumwa zina. Bungwe la Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) linakhazikitsa dongosolo logawa magulu (Levels 1-4) kuti liwone ngati madzimadzi alowa m'zovala zotayidwa.

• Magalasi a Level 1 amapereka chitetezo chochepa cha zotchinga kuti asalowe m'madzi ambiri. Opanga amayesa magauni awa kuti awone ngati ali ndi mphamvu yopopera madzi yokha, pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga AATCC 42.
• Magalasi a Level 2 amapereka chitetezo chopepuka mpaka chapakati kuti asalowe madzi. Amayesedwa kuti awone ngati ali ndi mphamvu yothira madzi (monga AATCC 42) komanso ngati ali ndi mphamvu yothira madzi (monga AATCC 127).
• Zovala za opaleshoni, nthawi zambiri Gawo 3 ndi Gawo 4, amagwiritsa ntchito mayina a AAMI. Amakhala ndi chitetezo cholimba m'malo ofunikira kwambiri pazochitika zofunika kwambiri.

Miyezo ya AAMI ya nsalu ya malaya achipatala imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zokhazikika. ASTM F1670 ndi ASTM F1671 ndizovuta kwambiri. Mayesowa amakhudza madzi amthupi ndi ma simulants oyambitsa matenda opatsirana m'magazi. Malaya okha omwe amadutsa ASTM F1671 ndi omwe amaikidwa mu Level 4. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ma virus sangathe kulowa. Miyezo yotsika (1, 2, ndi 3) imayesedwa motsutsana ndi madzi. Amawonetsa kukana kwakukulu ku zakumwa zomwe zili ndi mphamvu yayikulu pamwamba. Opanga amanenanso kuti magwiridwe antchito motsutsana ndi AATCC 42 ndi AATCC 127. Miyezo ya ku Europe imagwiritsa ntchito ISO poyesa magwiridwe antchito ofanana.

Malamulo amasiyana pa zovala zochitira opaleshoni ndi zovala zodzipatula.

• Zovala za Opaleshoni:
  • Malo ofunikira kwambiri amakhala ndi gulu lakutsogolo (dera A) ndi manja apansi (dera B).
  • Kugawa kumadalira gawo lochepa la magwiridwe antchito a madera awiriwa.
  • Kutsogolo konse kwa chovalacho (malo A, B, ndi C) kuyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe otchinga osachepera Level 1.
  • Kumbuyo kwa diresi (dera D) sikungateteze.
• Zovala Zodzipatula:
  • Chovala chonsecho chimaonedwa kuti ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhudzana kosayembekezereka ndi magazi, madzi amthupi, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingapatsire matenda (OPIM).
  • Chovala chonse chodzipatula, kuphatikizapo misoko (kupatula ma cuffs, hems, ndi zomangira), chiyenera kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ofunikira.
  • Magalasi otseguka kumbuyo sakukwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri. Sangalandire chiphaso.

FDA imaona madiresi ochitira opaleshoni ngati zida za Gulu II. Amafunika chidziwitso asanayambe kugulitsa (kutumizidwa kwa 510k). Madiresi ochitira opaleshoni ayenera kulembedwa kuti AAMI Level 3 kapena 4 ngati agulitsidwa ngati 'ochita opaleshoni' ku US. Sanganene kuti ndi AAMI Level 1 kapena 2 ngati agulitsidwa ngati 'ochita opaleshoni'. Madiresi odzipatula amatha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi AAMI Level 1-4 kapena osawerengedwa. Madiresi odzipatula a Level 1 ndi 2 ndi zida za Gulu I. Safuna chidziwitso asanayambe kugulitsa. Madiresi odzipatula a Level 3 ndi 4 ndi zida zoopsa kwambiri. Amafunika chidziwitso asanayambe kugulitsa. Mitundu yonse ya madiresi imagwera pansi pa 21 CFR 878.4040. FDA imawona madiresi okhala ndi chitetezo chapakati mpaka chapamwamba (Level 3 ndi 4) ngati zida zoopsa kwambiri.

Gome lotsatirali likufotokoza mwachidule milingo ya AAMI ndi njira zawo zoyesera komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito bwino:

Kugwira Ntchito kwa Tizilombo Tosaoneka ndi Ma Microbial

Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa chotchinga cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumayesa kuthekera kwa nsalu kuletsa mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri poletsa matenda. Pazinthu zopangidwa kuti ziletse tinthu touluka komanso zodetsa zamoyo, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zosefera ndiye gawo lofunika kwambiri loyesera. Gulu la mayesoli limapereka deta yoyezera momwe zinthuzo zingachitire ngati chotchinga chakuthupi motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ma aerosol.

Tebulo lotsatirali likufotokoza njira zodziwika bwino zoyesera kuti ziteteze tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zigwire bwino ntchito:

Kuyesa kwa viral filtration efficiency (VFE) ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mavairasi ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa mabakiteriya. Izi zimapangitsa kuti akhale ovuta kwambiri pa filtration media. VFE yokwera kwambiri singathe kukambidwanso pa chinthu chilichonse chomwe chimateteza ku mavairasi obwera m'mlengalenga. Ma laboratories ayeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wa chipangizocho (woyesedwa kudzera mu ΔP) umakhala wotsika mokwanira kuti wogwiritsa ntchito atetezeke. Izi zimapereka mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa kupuma bwino ndi chitetezo.

Pakusefa kwa bakiteriya, nsalu ziyenera kukwaniritsa mphamvu yocheperako ya Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE) ya 98%. ASTM F2101 imayesa izi. Pakusefa kwa bakiteriya, nsalu ziyenera kuwonetsa kuchepa kwa ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osachepera katatu. Izi zikutanthauza kupha 99.9% ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. ISO 20743 imayesa izi.

Kupuma Bwino ndi Chitonthozo

Kupuma bwino kwa nsalu, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito povala zovala zachipatala, kumayesedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wolowera. Izi zikusonyeza momwe mpweya umadutsa mosavuta mu nsaluyo. Kuchuluka kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zinazake. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumasonyeza kuti nsalu zimatha kupuma bwino. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumasonyeza kuti mpweya supuma bwino. Zinthu zingapo zimakhudza kutseguka kwa mpweya kwa nsalu. Izi zikuphatikizapo makulidwe a ulusi (ulusi woonda nthawi zambiri umawonjezera kutseguka), mtundu wa nsalu (zolukidwa zolimba zimachepetsa kuyenda kwa mpweya, pomwe zolukidwa zomasuka zimawonjezera), ndi kutha kwa nsalu (zolukidwa zina zimatseka njira ya mpweya, pomwe zina zimawonjezera kutseguka kwa mpweya). Njira zodziwika bwino zoyesera kutseguka kwa mpweya ndi monga ASTM D737 ndi ISO 9237. Izi zimaphatikizapo zida zapadera zoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wolowera kudzera mu zitsanzo za nsalu. Zotsatira zake zimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wolowera. Izi zimatsogolera kusankha zinthu kuti zigwire bwino ntchito.

Pa nsalu wamba, mpweya wolowa nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 100 ndi 300 L/m²/s. Nsalu zomwe mpweya wake ulowa pang'ono, nthawi zambiri pansi pa 100 L/m²/s, sizipuma mokwanira. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito zovala zodzitetezera pamene mpweya wochepa ukufunika. Mpweya wolowa kwambiri, wopitirira 300 L/m²/s, umasonyeza kuti nsalu zomwe zimapuma kwambiri. Izi ndizoyenera zovala zamasewera ndi zovala zogwira ntchito. Nsalu zachipatala, monga za zovala zachipatala, zimakhala ndi zofunikira zapadera kuti 'zipumule bwino'. Izi zimateteza bwino komanso kuti mpweya upumule bwino. Zimathandiza kuti wodwalayo asinthe mpweya moyenera kuti akhale womasuka komanso wotetezeka.

Mwachikhalidwe, madiresi opangidwa opaleshoni ogwiritsidwanso ntchito ankapangidwa ndi thonje la muslin. Uwu unali nsalu yolukidwa momasuka, yopumira kwambiri yokhala ndi mpweya wambiri wolowa. Komabe, kukana kwake kulowa kwa madzi pang'ono kunapangitsa kuti ichepe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Madiresi amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza za polyester kapena polyester-thonje. Ngakhale zosakaniza za polyester-thonje zinali ndi chitonthozo chabwino cha kutentha, zimakumananso ndi zovuta ndi chitetezo cha kulowa kwa madzi. Nsalu za polyester zolukidwa mwamphamvu zimapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka. Komabe, zimatha kuyambitsa kusasangalala chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chitonthozo cha kutentha. Nsalu zopanda ulusi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamadiresi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi, zimaphatikizapo spunlace, spunbond–meltblown–spunbond (SMS), ndi zinthu zonyowa. Nsalu zina zopanda ulusi zinayesedwa kuti ndi zozizira chifukwa cha kulemera kopepuka. Komabe, nsalu zachilendo zopanda ulusi zakhala zikutsutsidwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya komanso kuchuluka kwa nthunzi ya chinyezi. Izi zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa chitonthozo.

Zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nsalu zimathandiza kwambiri kuti thupi la wodwalayo likhale losangalala komanso kuti azitha kusamalira chinyezi:

• Makhalidwe abwino a chinyezi, kuuma msanga, komanso kukana kutentha ndi nthunzi zimathandiza kuti zinthu zikhale bwino. Nsalu ya polyester 8 ya zovala zamasewera ndi chitsanzo.
• Kukana kutentha kwambiri ndi nthunzi komanso nthawi yayitali youma kumabweretsa chitonthozo chochepa. Nsalu 4 ndi chitsanzo.
• Makhalidwe abwino osamalira chinyezi, kukana kutentha pang'ono ndi nthunzi, komanso nthawi yochepa youma ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsalu zikhale bwino. Nsalu 10 ndi chitsanzo.
• Kukana kutentha kwambiri ndi nthunzi, kukana nthunzi kwambiri, komanso nthawi yayitali youma zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsalu zosamasuka kwenikweni. Nsalu zoteteza kutentha 18, 5, 4, 10, 2, 9, ndi 17 ndi zitsanzo.

Kulemera kwa nsalu ndi makulidwe ake zimakhudza kukana kutentha ndi nthunzi ya madzi. Kuchepetsa kumachepetsa kukana nthunzi. Izi ndizothandiza m'malo otentha. Makhalidwe otumizira chinyezi chamadzimadzi ndi ofunikira m'malo otentha omwe ali ndi thukuta lalikulu. Nsalu zomwe zimayamwa mwachangu ndikunyamula chinyezi kutali ndi khungu zimawonjezera chitonthozo. Zovala zoluka zonyowa zimachepetsa kwambiri chitonthozo. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi m'malo opumira a khungu ndi zovala kumachepetsa chitonthozo chomwe chimawoneka. Pali ubale wamphamvu pakati pa kuwona chinyezi ndi chitonthozo chochepa. M'malo otentha, kunyowa kwa khungu kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chitonthozo chomwe chimawoneka cha kutentha kuposa kutentha kwa pamwamba pa khungu.

Pali mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri pakati pa nthawi youma, kukana nthunzi (Ret), ndi kukana kutentha (Rct). Izi zikusonyeza kuti nsalu zomwe zimakana kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ziume. Nthawi youma imakhudzana molakwika ndi liwiro lofalikira kwa chinyezi (MWR).B) ndi utali wa chinyezi pankhope yakunja (SSBIzi zikutanthauza kuti kufalikira kwa chinyezi mwachangu komanso kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumathandizira kuti chiume mwachangu. Chitsanzo cha thermo-physiological comfort performance (TCP) chimaphatikizapo magawo ofunikira a nsalu. Izi zikuphatikizapo kulemera, liwiro la kufalikira kwa chinyezi, komanso kukana kwa nthunzi. Nsalu 8 (86% PES + 14% EL) idadziwika kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zabwino zowongolera kutentha. Mayeso a Wear adatsimikizira izi, pomwe oposa 80% ya omwe adachita nawo adapeza kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri.

Kulimba ndi Kugwiritsidwanso Ntchito

Kulimba ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa zovala za kuchipatala zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Zimatsimikiza kuti kangati chovalacho chingathe kupirira kuchapa ndi kuyeretsa thupi pamene chikusungabe mphamvu zake zoteteza.

Nthawi yapakati ya gauni lotha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi pafupifupi masiku 64. Gauni lotha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi nsalu yolukidwa ndi polyester.

Kukhalitsa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti magauni ogwiritsidwanso ntchito akhale njira yokhazikika. Komabe, malo ogwirira ntchito ayenera kutsatira njira zowongolera khalidwe. Izi zimaonetsetsa kuti magauniwo akusungabe chitetezo chawo akatha kutsukidwa. Kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse kuti awone ngati ang'ambika, mabowo, kapena misoko yowonongeka n'kofunika.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Moyenera komanso Kuwononga Chilengedwe

Zipatala zimaganizira kwambiri za momwe zimakhudzira mtengo komanso momwe zimakhudzira chilengedwe posankha madiresi achipatala.

Kuwunika kwa moyo wonse poyerekeza machitidwe ogwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi otayika pa malo osamalira odwala kunawonetsa ubwino waukulu pa chilengedwe cha madiresi ogwiritsidwanso ntchito:

• Kuchepetsa kwa 28% pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu
• Kuchepetsa kwa mpweya woipa ndi 30%
• Kuchepetsa kwa 41% kwa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi abuluu
• Kuchepa kwa 93% kwa kupanga zinyalala zolimba

Gawo lazaumoyo ku US limathandizira kwambiri pa zinyalala ndi mpweya woipa womwe umawononga chilengedwe. Utumiki wa opaleshoni wokha umapanga zinyalala zolimba zokwana 70% m'zipatala zaku US. Izi zimakwana mapaundi 2.8 biliyoni pachaka. Nthawi zambiri ntchito zimapanga zinyalala zokwana mapaundi 50 pa chikwama chilichonse. Maopaleshoni a mafupa ndi a mtima amapanga mapaundi 200. Kupanga zinyalala m'zipatala zaku US kwawonjezeka ndi 15% pachaka kuyambira 1992. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zida zotayidwa. Nsalu zotayidwa, kuphatikizapo madiresi a opaleshoni, ndizo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinyalala m'zipinda zochitira opaleshoni ziwonongeke kwambiri.

Tebulo lotsatirali likuyerekeza momwe zovala zochitira opaleshoni zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zimakhudzira chilengedwe poyerekeza ndi zovala zogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi:

Kafukufuku akuwonetsa nthawi zonse kuti nsalu zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zachipatala (HCTs), kuphatikizapo zovala zochitira opaleshoni, zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zisamawonongeke poyerekeza ndi zina zomwe zimatayidwa. Ubwino uwu ndi monga kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon, kuchepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, zinyalala zochepa, komanso kuchepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Mliri wa COVID-19 unawonetsanso kukhazikika kwa makina ozungulira a PPE ogwiritsidwanso ntchito poyerekeza ndi unyolo wolumikizirana. Ngakhale ubwino wa chilengedwewu, ma HCT ogwiritsidwanso ntchito pakadali pano ndi gawo laling'ono la ma PPE aku US.

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogwiritsidwanso ntchito komanso zotayidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe kungachepe chifukwa cha kupanga zinthu m'deralo. Izi zimachepetsa mtunda wotumizira katundu. Ngakhale kuti zovala zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zimakhala zolemera, kuwononga chilengedwe kwa zinthu zonyamulira katundu m'malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe n'kochepa poyerekeza ndi njira zopangira zinthu. Kunyamula zinyalala za Gulu A (zinthu zopatsirana kwambiri) n'kokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso kovuta kuposa zinyalala zachipatala zolamulidwa. Zimafuna kulongedza zambiri komanso njira zovuta. Zinthu zotayidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zitha kuwonjezera mapaundi 60–70 a zinthu zolongedza pa chidebe chilichonse. Izi zimawonjezera ndalama zoyendera komanso zotsatirapo zake zachilengedwe. Kusakonza bwino zinthu m'zipatala kumapangitsa kuti 70% ya zinyalala zachipatala zolamulidwa zisankhidwe molakwika. Izi zimawonjezera ndalama zachuma komanso zachilengedwe. Kuchepetsa malingaliro a PPE kutengera kumvetsetsa kwasayansi za zoopsa, monga momwe taonera ndi MRSA ndi VRE, kungathandizenso chilengedwe.

Kuyerekeza mtengo wa moyo wonse kumathandizanso njira zogwiritsidwanso ntchito:

| Factor | Malaya Otayika (Asanasinthe) | Malaya Ogwiritsidwanso Ntchito (Pambuyo pa Kusintha) | Zosunga/Kuchepetsa | | :——————————– | :—————————– | :————————– | :—————- | | Kuchuluka Konse kwa Zinyalala (mapaundi pa APD) | 19 | 17.4 | 1.7 lbs (9%) | | Ndalama za EVS (masenti pa APD) | $2.06 | $1.88 | 18¢ (9%) | | Ndalama Zonse Zotayira & Zosunga Ntchito (pa APD) | Palibe | Palibe | 30¢ | | Mtengo pa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malaya (kuphatikiza kuchapa)| Palibe | 58¢ (Gauni la 13¢ + 45¢ kuchapa) | Palibe | | Mtengo wa Malaya Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kamodzi | 60¢ | Palibe | Palibe | | Mtengo Wonse pa Gauni (pambuyo pa kusunga zinyalala) | Palibe | 28¢ | Zosunga 53% | | Zosunga Zapachaka za UCLA Health | N/A | $450,000 | N/A | | Zinyalala Zaumoyo za UCLA Zasinthidwa | N/A | matani 1,180 | N/A | | Mtengo wa Carilion Clinic pa Gauni Lililonse | 79¢ | 39¢ | Kusunga 50% | | Kusunga Carilion Clinic (zaka 3) | N/A | $850,000 | N/A | | Zinyalala za Carilion Clinic Zachotsedwa (zaka 3) | N/A | 515,000 lbs | N/A | | Kubwezeretsa Zipangizo Zopangira Opaleshoni (pa njira iliyonse) | N/A | $1.50 | N/A | | Kusunga Zida Zapachaka za UNC Rex Healthcare | N/A | $60,000 | N/A | Kusunga Ndalama Zophimba Chipinda Chotsukira | N/A | 58% | N/A |

Ziwerengerozi zikusonyeza kuti kusintha zovala zogwiritsidwanso ntchito kungapangitse kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri komanso kuchepetsa kuwononga ndalama m'mabungwe azaumoyo.

Kusankha bwino nsalu za chipatala kumakhalabe kofunika kwambiri pa chisamaliro chabwino komanso chitetezo cha odwala. Kupita patsogolo kosalekeza, monga ukadaulo wa AGXX, kumathandizira kwambiri kulamulira matenda mwa kupha mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi moyenera. Zatsopano zamtsogolo zimayang'ananso pazinthu zokhazikika monga Polylactic Acid (PLA), zomwe zimachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Izi zikulonjeza nsalu zachipatala zotetezeka komanso zosawononga chilengedwe.

FAQ

Kodi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nsalu zolukidwa ndi zosalukidwa m'zipatala ndi kotani?

Nsalu zolukidwa zimalumikiza ulusi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zovala zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zikhale zolimba. Nsalu zosalukidwa zimagwirizanitsa ulusi pamodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso zotchinga bwino.

N’chifukwa chiyani zipatala zimagwiritsa ntchito nsalu ya SMS pa zovala zambiri?

Nsalu ya SMS imapereka mphamvu yolimbana ndi madzi komanso yoteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kapangidwe kake ka zigawo zambiri kamatseka madzi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa panthawi ya chithandizo chamankhwala.

Kodi madiresi a kuchipatala omwe angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi imodzi?

Inde, kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti zovala zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zimachepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Zimawononga mphamvu ndi madzi ochepa, zimapangitsa mpweya woipa kwambiri, komanso zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinyalala zochepa kwambiri pa moyo wawo wonse. ♻️