Kuchazwe Ukukhetha Indwangu Yezingubo Zesibhedlela

Ukukhethwa kwendwangu kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwesiguli kanye nabasebenzi bezempilo. Izakhiwo ezithile zendwangu yezingubo zasesibhedlela zithinta ngqo ukulawulwa kokutheleleka kanye nenduduzo yesiguli ezindaweni zezokwelapha. Ukukhetha indwangu okungekuhle kungandisa ingozi yokulimala kwengcindezi futhi kuvimbele ukuhamba kwesiguli. Iziguli zivame ukungabi namandla okulawula imiklamo yezingubo, okuthinta induduzo kanye nesithunzi somuntu siqu.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Izindwangu ezahlukene zezingubo zasesibhedlela zinikeza amazinga ahlukahlukene okuvikela kanye nenduduzo. Izindwangu ezingalukiwe njenge-SMS zinikeza izithiyo eziqinile ngokumelene namagciwane, kuyilapho izindwangu ezilukiwe njengekotini zinikeza induduzo.
• Izingubo zasesibhedlela ziyahlolwa ukuthi zimisa kahle kangakanani uketshezi namagciwane. Amazinga e-AAMI (1-4) abonisa ukuthi ingubo inikeza isivikelo esingakanani, kanti izinga lesi-4 liphezulu kakhulu.
• Izingubo zasesibhedlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha zingcono kakhulu endaweni ezungezile futhi zingonga imali. Zinciphisa imfucuza futhi zisebenzisa amandla namanzi amancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezingubo ezilahlwayo.

Ukuqonda Izigaba Zendwangu Yezingubo Zesibhedlela

Izindwangu Ezingalukiwe Zezingubo Zesibhedlela

Izindwangu ezingalukiwe ziyisinqumo esivamileizingubo zesibhedlela. Abakhiqizi bakha lezi zinto ngokubopha imicu ndawonye kunokuba bayiluke. Enye indlela ebalulekile i-spunbonding. Le nqubo isebenzisa ukushisa nokucindezela ukudala indwangu eqinile nelula. Enye indlela ebalulekile i-meltblowing. Lapha, izinto ezincibilikisiwe ziphuma endwangu, bese ziphola futhi ziqine. Lolu ngqimba lunikeza isithiyo esisebenzayo ngokumelene noketshezi namagciwane. Ukuhlanganisa izinqubo ze-spunbond kanye ne-meltblown kuphumela endwangu elula, ephefumulayo, futhi emelana nokudabuka. Le nhlanganisela ivimbela ngempumelelo ukusabalala kokutheleleka.

Izindwangu Ezilukiwe Zezingubo Zesibhedlela

Izindwangu ezilukiwe zinikeza enye indlela yezingubo zasesibhedlela, ikakhulukazi zezinhlobo ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Ukwakheka kwefayibha okuvamile kufaka phakathi i-polyester engu-100% ye-monofilament. Ezinye izindwangu ezilukiwe zifaka i-polyester engu-99% enomugqa wefayibha yekhabhoni ongu-1%. Le fayibha yekhabhoni isiza ekushabalaleni okungaguquki kanye nokumelana noketshezi. Ngokomlando, ukuhlanganiswa kwekotoni kanye ne-poly-cotton kwakuvame kakhulu ezigqokeni ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zazo ezinezimbobo zivumela amagciwane ukuba adlule. Izindwangu ze-micro-filament zinezintambo ezilukiwe eziqinile, ezincane kakhulu. Abakhiqizi baphinda bazicubungule nge-ejenti engangenisi amanzi ukuze bathuthukise izimfanelo zabo zokuvikela.

Izinto Ezihlanganisiwe Ezingutsheni Zesibhedlela

Ngokuqinisekileizinqubo zezokwelapha, into ene-ply eyodwa ingase inganikeli izakhiwo zokuvimbela ezanele. Kulezi zimo, izinto ezihlanganisiwe zinikeza isivikelo esithuthukisiwe. Abakhiqizi bakha izinto ezihlanganisiwe ngokufaka izendlalelo ezengeziwe, izembozo, noma iziqiniseko. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuthuthukisa izimfanelo zomkhiqizo njengokumunca, ukumelana nokushelela, kanye namandla. Inhlanganisela yezinto ezivamile ihilela imicu ye-pulp yokhuni kanye ne-polypropylene (PP). Isibonelo, ingxube ye-pulp yokhuni engu-70% enemicu ye-PP engu-30% idala indwangu ye-spunlace enesendlalelo esisodwa. I-pulp yokhuni imunca ngokushesha uketshezi, kuyilapho imicu ye-PP ihlinzeka ngesakhiwo esiqinile. Le nhlanganisela ivumela ukujikeleza komoya ngenkathi ivimba amabhaktheriya noketshezi. Izindwangu ezihlanganisiwe zingaphinde zihlanganise ama-antibacterial agents angaphili, njengemicu yesiliva eguquliwe, ehlanganiswe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwefayibha.

Izakhiwo Zezinhlobo Zendwangu Zezingubo Ezivamile Zesibhedlela

Ukuqonda izakhiwo ezithile zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindwangu zezigqoko zasesibhedlela kusiza izikhungo zezempilo ukuthi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Izinto ngazinye zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile zezindawo ezahlukene zezokwelapha kanye namazinga okuvikela.

Indwangu ye-Polypropylene Spunbond

Indwangu ye-polypropylene spunbond iyindlela ethandwayo yokugqoka izingubo zasesibhedlela ezilahlwayo. Abakhiqizi bakha le nto ngokukhipha i-polypropylene encibilikisiwe bese beyiphotha ibe imicu emincane. Bese behlanganisa le micu ndawonye besebenzisa ukushisa nokucindezela. Le nqubo iphumela endwangu elula, ephefumulayo, futhi engabizi kakhulu. Inikeza izinga eliyisisekelo lokumelana noketshezi kanye nesithiyo sezinhlayiya. Izisebenzi zezempilo zivame ukusebenzisa imicu ye-polypropylene spunbond ngezinqubo ezinobungozi obuphansi noma ukunakekelwa kweziguli okujwayelekile lapho ukuvikelwa okukhulu kwezithiyo kungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu.

Indwangu ye-Spunbond Meltblown Spunbond (SMS)

Indwangu ye-SMS imelela intuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe obungalukiwe bezingubo zasesibhedlela. Yakhiwe ngezingqimba ezintathu: izingqimba ezimbili zangaphandle ze-spunbond (S) kanye nengqimba yangaphakathi ye-meltblown (M). Izingqimba ze-spunbond zinikeza amandla nokuqina, kuyilapho ungqimba lwe-meltblown lusebenza njengesithiyo esibalulekile. Lolu ngqimba lwe-meltblown luvimba ngempumelelo uketshezi nezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu.

Ama-SMS nonwovens abonisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa kwe-S. aureusfuthiI-E. coliezixazululweni zikasawoti uma kuqhathaniswa nezindwangu ezilukiwe. Izingubo ezisekelwe ku-polypropylene, kufaka phakathi ama-SMS laminates, zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu ekungeneni kwamagciwane phakathi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezivivinyiwe. Ingqimba encibilikisiwe endwangu ye-SMS inikeza isithiyo esingangenwa yizifo futhi ifinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga kwamagciwane okungaphezulu kwama-95% (VFE) kwamagciwane amancane njenge-0.1 microns.

Indwangu ye-SMS inikeza ukumelana okuhle kakhulu koketshezi. Cabanga ngokuqhathanisa okulandelayo kokucindezela kwe-hydrostatic, okulinganisa ukumelana kwendwangu ekungeneni kwamanzi:

Lolu lwazi lubonisa ukuthi indwangu ye-SMS isebenza kahle kakhulu kune-spunbond polypropylene ekumelaneni noketshezi, ikakhulukazi uma inzima kakhulu. I-SMS iphinde iphumelele ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlunga kwamagciwane (BFE):

Izingubo ze-SMS zinciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokungcola kanye nokudluliswa kwamagciwane. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izambatho ze-SMS zinciphise ingozi yokungcola ngo-68% uma kuqhathaniswa nezingubo ze-PP ezijwayelekile. Ziphinde zanciphisa amazinga okudluliselwa kwamagciwane ngo-67% uma kuqhathaniswa nezindwangu ezilukiwe. Lokhu kwenzaThumela i-SMS impahla oyithandayo yezingubo zokuhlinzwakanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinezithiyo eziphakeme.

Indwangu ye-Polyethylene

Indwangu ye-polyethylene (PE) yaziwa ngokungangenwa kwayo okungavamile. Abakhiqizi bavame ukuyisebenzisa ukuze bahlukanise izingubo lapho kudingeka khona isithiyo esiphelele soketshezi. Izingubo ze-polyethylene ene-chlorine (CPE), uhlobo oluvamile, zinikeza isivikelo esiqinile.

• Isakhiwo samakhemikhali se-CPE sinikeza amandla nokuguquguquka. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke njengezingubo zokuzivikela ezilahlwayo kokubili ezimweni ezimanzi nezomile.
• Izingubo ze-CPE azinamanzi. Usimende we-polymer okhethekile kanye ne-adhesive paste kwakha ungqimba oluqinile olungangeni manzi.
• Zibonisa ukumelana nokuguga, zivumela ukusetshenziswa ezimweni zezulu ezinzima nasezindaweni ezinzima. Ziphinde zibe nokumelana okwanele ne-ozone, okubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sobhubhane.
• Odokotela bagqoka izingubo zokuhlukanisa i-CPE ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa ukuze balondoloze isimo sokungangenwa yigciwane futhi baqinisekise ukuphepha kwesiguli.
• Izingubo ze-CPE zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kwamagciwane ezibhedlela nasemayunithi abahlengikazi, okuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka.

Izingubo Zokuhlukaniswa ze-Ritmed® AssureWear® Polyethylene, isibonelo, zinomklamo ongaphezu kwekhanda onezicupho zesithupha ezigoqekayo. Lezi zingubo zenziwe nge-spunbond polyethylene futhi zinezithungo ezithungiwe ukuze ziqine kakhulu. Azina-latex futhi zihlukaniswa njengohlobo lokufaka ingubo yokuzihlukanisa. Isimo sazo sokungangenwa sibonisa ukusebenza kahle kwazo kokuvinjelwa.

Indwangu Yezigqoko Zesibhedlela Ezihlanganisiwe Zikakotini Nokotini

Izindwangu ezixutshwe ngokotini nokotini ziyizinketho zendabuko zezingubo zasesibhedlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Zinikeza induduzo enkulu kanye nokuphefumula okulula ezigulini.

Zenziwe ngezinto ezikhululekile neziphefumulayo njengokotini noma ukuhlanganiswa kokotini, izingubo zethu zeziguli zibeka phambili induduzo yesiguli ngenkathi ziqinisekisa ukumbozwa okufanele.

Nakuba ikhululekile, imvelo yekotini enezimbobo isho ukuthi inikeza ukumelana okuncane koketshezi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezindaweni ezidinga ukuvikelwa okuphezulu. Izingxube zekotini, ngokuvamile ezine-polyester, zihlose ukuthuthukisa ukuqina nokunciphisa ukushwabana ngenkathi zigcina induduzo yekotini. Ukugcina ubuqotho balezi zigqoko kudinga izindlela ezithile zokuwasha. Izigqoko ezingcolile zidlula enkambisweni yokuhlanza ephelele. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukuwasha, ukubulala amagciwane, kanye nokubulala amagciwane. Izinyathelo ezithile zincike ohlotsheni lwengubo kanye nezinga lokungcola eliye labhekana nakho. Izigqoko zokuhlukanisa ezingasetshenziswa kabusha, njengezingubo eziphuzi zendwangu ebanzi enesisindo esiphakathi, zakhiwe ngendwangu ehlanganisiwe ye-polyester-cotton engu-55/45 eqinile futhi ephefumulayo. Le ngxube yenzelwe ukubekezelela ukusetshenziswa okuningi nokuwashwa ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni izimfanelo zayo zokuvikela. Lokhu kuyenza ifanelekele izindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo ezidingayo.

Indwangu Yezigqoko Zesibhedlela Ezihlanganisiwe Ze-Polyester Ne-Polyester

Izindwangu ezixutshwe nge-polyester ne-polyester zivame kakhulu ezigqokeni zasesibhedlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha ngenxa yokuqina kwazo, amandla, kanye nokumelana nokuncipha nokushwabana. I-polyester ine-resistance enhle yamakhemikhali futhi ayimunci uketshezi, okwenza ibe yisithiyo esingcono ekungcoleni okuthile kunokotini.

Amajazi elebhu le-polyester, isibonelo, aqinile futhi ahlala isikhathi eside. Amajazi elebhu le-cotton, nokho, anikeza ukumelana okuncane kakhulu noketshezi namakhemikhali. Ingxube ye-polyester ivame ukuhlanganisa i-polyester ne-cotton ukuze ilinganisele induduzo nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokumelana noketshezi. Lezi zindwangu zingamelana nemijikelezo eminingi yokuwasha ngenkathi zigcina izimfanelo zazo zokuvikela.

Umphathi wesikhungo se-dialysis ubike ukuthi izingubo ezingasebenzi ngaphansi kuka-90% wamandla azo okuqala okudonseka ngemva kokugezwa izikhathi ezingu-20 zathathwa njengezingafaneleki. Lokhu kwaholela ekushintsheni ku-polyester exubile, eyagcina amandla angu-95% ngemva kokugezwa izikhathi ezingu-60. Lokhu kubonisa ubude obuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-polyester kanye nezinhlanganisela zayo ezingutsheni zasesibhedlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha.

Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokusebenza Zendwangu Yezingubo Zesibhedlela

Izikhungo zokunakekelwa kwempilo zihlola ngokucophelela izindlela eziningana zokusebenza ezibalulekile lapho zikhethaindwangu yezingubo zasesibhedlelaLezi zindlela ziqinisekisa ukuphepha kwesiguli, ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi bezempilo, kanye nokusebenza kahle.

Ukumelana Noketshezi Nokuvikelwa Kwezithiyo

Ukumelana noketshezi kuyinto eyinhloko ekhathazayo ngezingubo zasesibhedlela. Kuvimbela ukungena kwegazi, uketshezi lomzimba, kanye nolunye uketshezi. I-Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) yasungula uhlelo lokuhlukanisa (Amazinga 1-4) ukuze kuhlolwe ukungena koketshezi kwezingubo ezilahlwayo.

• Izingubo zezinga loku-1 zinikeza isivikelo esincane kakhulu ekuvezweni okuphansi koketshezi. Abakhiqizi bahlola lezi zingubo ukuze babone ukuthi azinawo yini umthelela wokufuthwa ngamanzi kuphela, besebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-AATCC 42.
• Izingubo zezinga lesi-2 zinikeza isivikelo esilula kuya kwesimaphakathi ekungeneni koketshezi. Zihlolwa kokubili ukushaywa kwamanzi (isb., i-AATCC 42) kanye nomfutho wamanzi (isb., i-AATCC 127).
• Izingubo zokuhlinzwa, ngokuvamile Izinga 3 kanye neZinga 4, zisebenzisa amagama e-AAMI. Zinezivikelo eziqinisiwe zezithiyo ezindaweni ezibalulekile zezinqubo ezibalulekile.

Amazinga e-AAMI endwangu yezingubo zasesibhedlela anqunywa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile. I-ASTM F1670 kanye ne-ASTM F1671 yizona eziqine kakhulu. Lezi zivivinyo zifaka uketshezi lomzimba kanye nama-simulants e-pathogen athwalwa yigazi. Ama-gown adlula i-ASTM F1671 kuphela ahlukaniswa njengeZinga lesi-4. Lokhu kubonisa ukungenwa yigciwane. Amazinga aphansi (1, 2, kanye no-3) ahlolwa emanzini. Abonisa ukumelana okwandayo koketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu wobuso. Abakhiqizi babika nokusebenza okuphikisana ne-AATCC 42 kanye ne-AATCC 127. Izindinganiso zaseYurophu zisebenzisa i-ISO ekuhlolweni kokusebenza okufanayo kwezithiyo.

Izimfuneko zomthetho ziyahlukahluka ngezingubo zokuhlinzwa nezokuhlukanisa.

• Izingubo Zokuhlinzwa:
  • Indawo ebalulekile ihlanganisa okungenani iphaneli engaphambili (indawo A) kanye nemikhono engezansi (indawo B).
  • Ukuhlukaniswa kusekelwe engxenyeni ephansi yokusebenza kwalezi zindawo ezimbili.
  • Lonke ingaphambili lengubo (izindawo A, B, kanye no-C) kumele libe nokusebenza kokuvimbela okungenani kweZinga 1.
  • Ingemuva lengubo (indawo D) lingase lingavikeli.
• Izingubo Zokuzihlukanisa:
  • Lonke ingubo libhekwa njengendawo ebalulekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuxhumana okungalindelekile okungase kube khona negazi, uketshezi lomzimba, nezinye izinto ezingase zibe yingozi (i-OPIM).
  • Ingubo yonke yokuzihlukanisa, okuhlanganisa imithungo (ngaphandle kwama-cuffs, ama-hem, kanye nama-bindings), kumele ifinyelele ukusebenza okufunwayo kokuvimbela.
  • Izingubo zokugqoka ezivulekile ngemuva azihlangabezani nemingcele ebalulekile yendawo. Azikwazi ukuthola isilinganiso.

I-FDA ibheka izingubo zokuhlinzwa njengamadivayisi eSigaba II. Zidinga isaziso sangaphambi kwemakethe (ukuthunyelwa okungu-510k). Izingubo zokuhlinzwa kumele zibhalwe njenge-AAMI Level 3 noma 4 uma zithengiswa 'njengezokuhlinzwa' e-US. Azikwazi ukuzisho ukuthi ziyi-AAMI Level 1 noma 2 uma zithengiswa 'njengezokuhlinzwa'. Izingubo zokuhlukaniswa zingalinganiswa yi-AAMI Level 1-4 noma zingalinganiswa. Izingubo zokuhlukaniswa zeSigaba 1 no-2 zingamadivayisi eSigaba I. Azidingi isaziso sangaphambi kwemakethe. Izingubo zokuhlukaniswa zeSigaba 3 no-4 zingamadivayisi anobungozi obukhulu. Zidinga isaziso sangaphambi kwemakethe. Zombili izinhlobo zezingubo ziwela ngaphansi kwe-21 CFR 878.4040. I-FDA ibheka izingubo ezivikelwe ngokulinganisela kuya kokuphezulu (Amazinga 3 no-4) njengamadivayisi anobungozi obukhulu.

Ithebula elilandelayo lifingqa amazinga e-AAMI kanye nezindlela zawo zokuhlola ezihambisanayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesithiyo:

Ukusebenza Kokuvimbela Ama-Microbial

Ukusebenza kahle kwesithiyo se-microbial kulinganisa ikhono lendwangu lokuvimba amagciwane namagciwane. Lokhu kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukutheleleka. Emikhiqizweni eyenzelwe ukuvimba izinhlayiya ezisemoyeni kanye nokungcola kwezinto eziphilayo, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga yisigaba sokuhlola esibaluleke kakhulu. Lo mndeni wezivivinyo unikeza idatha elinganiswayo ngekhono lento yokusebenza njengesithiyo esingokomzimba ngokumelene namagciwane nama-aerosol.

Ithebula elilandelayo lichaza izindlela zokuhlola ezivamile zokusebenza kahle kwesithiyo samagciwane:

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle kokuhlunga igciwane (i-VFE) kubaluleke kakhulu. Amagciwane mancane kakhulu kunamabhaktheriya. Lokhu kuwenza abe yinselele enkulu yemidiya yokuhlunga emincane. Isilinganiso se-VFE esiphezulu asinakuxoxiswana ngaso kunoma yimuphi umkhiqizo othi uvikelekile ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane ezibangelwa umoya. Amalebhu kumele futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ukungena komoya kwezinto (okulinganiswe nge-ΔP) kuhlala kuphansi ngokwanele ukuze kuphephe umsebenzisi. Lokhu kunikeza ibhalansi ebalulekile phakathi kokuphefumula nokuvikelwa.

Ukuze kuhlungwe amagciwane, izindwangu kumele zifinyelele okungenani i-Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE) engu-98%. I-ASTM F2101 ilinganisa lokhu. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ama-antimicrobial, izindwangu zidinga ukukhombisa ukwehla okungenani kwemisebenzi yamagciwane emi-3. Lokhu kusho ukubulala ama-99.9% e-pathogens aqondiwe. I-ISO 20743 ihlola lokhu.

Ukuphefumula Nokunethezeka

Ukuphefumula kwezindwangu, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezisetshenziselwa izingubo zasesibhedlela, kulinganiswa ngesilinganiso sazo sokungenisa umoya. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umoya udlula kalula kangakanani ezintweni. Lesi silinganiso sibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuthile. Izilinganiso eziphezulu zibonisa izindwangu eziphefumulayo kakhudlwana. Izilinganiso eziphansi zibonisa ukuphefumula okuncane. Izici eziningana zithonya ukungena komoya kwendwangu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukujiya kwefayibha (imicu emincane ngokuvamile ikhulisa ukungena), uhlobo lokweluka (ukweluka okuqinile kunciphisa ukuhamba komoya, kuyilapho ukweluka okuxegayo kuyayithuthukisa), kanye nokuqeda indwangu (ezinye iziphetho zivimba ukudlula komoya, kanti ezinye zithuthukisa ukuphefumula). Izindlela ezivamile zokuhlola ukungena komoya zifaka i-ASTM D737 kanye ne-ISO 9237. Lokhu kuhilela imishini ekhethekile yokukala izinga lokugeleza komoya ngamasampula endwangu. Imiphumela inquma isilinganiso sokungenisa umoya. Lokhu kuqondisa ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusebenza kahle.

Ezindwangu ezijwayelekile, ukungena komoya ngokuvamile kusuka ku-100 kuya ku-300 L/m²/s. Izindwangu ezinokungena komoya okuphansi, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-100 L/m²/s, aziphefumuli kakhulu. Abakhiqizi bazisebenzisa ezingutsheni zokuzivikela lapho kudingeka khona ukuhamba komoya okulinganiselwe. Ukungena komoya okuphezulu, okungaphezu kuka-300 L/m²/s, kubonisa izindwangu eziphefumula kakhulu. Lezi zifanele izingubo zezemidlalo nezingubo ezisebenzayo. Izindwangu zezokwelapha, njengalezo zezingubo zasesibhedlela, zinezidingo ezihlukile 'zokungena komoya okulawulwayo'. Lokhu kulinganisela ukuvikelwa nokuphefumula. Kuqinisekisa ukushintshana komoya okufanele ukuze isiguli siduduzeke futhi siphephe.

Ngokwesiko, izingubo zokugqoka ezingasetshenziswa kabusha zenziwa nge-cotton muslin. Lena kwakuyindwangu elukiwe kancane, ephefumula kalula enomoya omningi. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana kwayo okuphansi kokungena koketshezi kwaholela ekwehleni kokusetshenziswa kwayo. Izingubo zanamuhla zivame ukusebenzisa izingxube ze-polyester noma ze-polyester-cotton. Ngenkathi izingxube ze-polyester-cotton zinikeza induduzo enhle yokushisa, ziphinde zabhekana nezinselele zokuvikela ukungena koketshezi. Izindwangu ze-polyester ezilukiwe kahle zinikeza isivikelo esandisiwe. Kodwa-ke, zingabangela ukungakhululeki ngenxa yokunciphisa induduzo yokushisa. Izindwangu ezingezona ezilukiwe, ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezigqokeni zokusetshenziswa kanye, zifaka phakathi i-spunlace, i-spunbond–meltblown–spunbond (SMS), kanye nezinto ezifakwe emanzini. Ezinye izindwangu zezingubo ezingezona ezilukiwe zihlolwe njengezipholile ngenxa yesisindo esilula. Kodwa-ke, izindwangu ezingezona ezilukiwe ezivamile ziye zaphonselwa inselelo ngenxa yokungena kwazo komoya okuphansi kanye nesilinganiso sokudlulisa umhwamuko womswakama. Lokhu kuthinta amazinga enduduzo.

Izakhiwo eziningana zendwangu zinegalelo elikhulu ekududuzeni kwesiguli ekushiseni nasekuphatheni umswakama:

• Izakhiwo ezinhle zomswakama, ukoma okusheshayo, kanye nokumelana okuphansi kokushisa nokuhwamuka kunegalelo ekukhululekeni okuphezulu. Indwangu ye-polyester 8 yezingubo zemidlalo iyisibonelo.
• Ukumelana okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nomhwamuko kanye nezikhathi zokomisa ezinde kuholela ekukhululekeni okuncane. Indwangu 4 iyisibonelo.
• Izakhiwo ezinhle zokuphatha umswakama, ukumelana okuphansi kokushisa kanye nomusi, kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane zokomisa kuveza izindwangu ezikhululekile. Indwangu 10 iyisibonelo.
• Ukumelana okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nomhwamuko, ukungena komhwamuko okuphansi, kanye nezikhathi zokomisa ezinde kuhlotshaniswa nezindwangu ezingakhululekile kangako. Izindwangu zokuvikela ukushisa 18, 5, 4, 10, 2, 9, kanye no-17 ziyizibonelo.

Ubukhulu bendwangu kanye nobukhulu bayo kuthinta ukumelana nokushisa kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi. Ukunciphisa lokhu kunciphisa ukumelana nomswakama. Lokhu kuyazuzisa ezimweni ezishisayo. Izakhiwo zokudlulisa umswakama woketshezi zibalulekile ezimweni ezishisayo ezinamazinga aphezulu okujuluka. Izindwangu ezimunca futhi zithuthe umswakama ngokushesha zisuka esikhumbeni zithuthukisa induduzo. Izingubo ezimanzi zinciphisa kakhulu induduzo. Ukwanda komswakama esimweni sezulu sesikhumba nesezingubo kunciphisa induduzo ebonakalayo. Kukhona ubudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kokwanda kokubona ukumanzi kanye nokuncipha kwenduduzo yokushisa. Ezimweni ezifudumele, ukumanzi kwesikhumba kuhlobene kakhulu nenduduzo ebonakalayo yokushisa kunokushisa kwesikhumba.

Kukhona ubudlelwano obuhle kakhulu phakathi kwesikhathi sokomisa, ukumelana nokuhwamuka (Ret), kanye nokumelana nokushisa (Rct). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izindwangu ezinokumelana okukhulu nokushisa kanye nomswakama zithatha isikhathi eside ukoma. Isikhathi sokomisa sihlobene kabi nesivinini sokusabalala komswakama (MWR).B) kanye nerediyasi yomswakama ebusweni bangaphandle (SSBLokhu kusho ukusabalala komswakama okusheshayo kanye nerediyasi ephezulu yomswakama kunegalelo ekomeni okusheshayo. Imodeli yokusebenza kwenduduzo ye-thermophysiological (TCP) ifaka phakathi imingcele yendwangu ebalulekile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi isisindo, isivinini sokusabalala komswakama, kanye nokumelana nokuhwamuka. Indwangu 8 (86% PES + 14% EL) ihlonzwe njengekhululekile kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle zokulawula ukushisa. Izilingo zokugqoka ziqinisekisile lokhu, lapho abangaphezu kuka-80% babahlanganyeli beyithole ikhululekile kakhulu.

Ukuqina Nokusetshenziswa Kabusha

Ukuqina kuyisici esibalulekile sezingubo zasesibhedlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Kunquma ukuthi ingubo ingamelana kangaki nemijikelezo yokuwasha nokubulala amagciwane ngenkathi igcina izakhiwo zayo zokuvikela.

Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuphila kwengubo yokwahlukanisa engasetshenziswa kabusha cishe singama-wash angu-64. Lezi zingubo ezingasetshenziswa kabusha zivame ukwenziwa ngendwangu ye-polyester elukiwe.

Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside kwenza izingubo eziphinde zisetshenziswe zibe yindlela eqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, izikhungo kumele zisebenzise izinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingubo zigcina ubuqotho bazo ngemva kokugezwa ngakunye. Ukuhlolwa njalo kokudabuka, imigodi, noma imithungo eyonakele kubalulekile.

Ukuphumelela Kwezindleko kanye Nomthelela Wezemvelo

Izikhungo zokunakekelwa kwempilo ziya ngokuya zicabangela kokubili ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko kanye nomthelela emvelweni lapho zikhetha izingubo zasesibhedlela.

Ukuhlolwa komjikelezo wokuphila okuqhathanisa izinhlelo zezingubo ezisetshenziswa kabusha kanye nezinhlelo ezilahlwayo ezingeni lesikhungo sezempilo kwembule izinzuzo ezibalulekile zemvelo zezingubo ezisetshenziswa kabusha:

• Ukwehliswa kwamandla ngo-28%
• Ukwehla kwama-30% ekukhiqizweni kwamagesi abangela ukushisa
• Ukwehla okungu-41% ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
• Ukwehla okungu-93% ekukhiqizweni kwemfucuza eqinile

Umkhakha wezempilo wase-US unegalelo elikhulu ekukhishweni kwemfucuza kanye namagesi okushisa umhlaba. Insizakalo yokuhlinzwa yodwa ikhiqiza udoti oqinile ofinyelela ku-70% ezibhedlela zase-US. Lokhu kufinyelela kuma-pound ayizigidigidi ezingu-2.8 ngonyaka. Imisebenzi ivame ukukhiqiza udoti ongamakhilogremu angu-50 ngecala ngalinye. Ukuhlinzwa kwamathambo kanye nokuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo kukhiqiza udoti ongamakhilogremu angu-200. Ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza ezibhedlela zase-US kukhuphuke ngo-15% ngonyaka kusukela ngo-1992. Lokhu kungenxa enkulu yokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwemishini elahlwayo. Izindwangu ezilahlwayo, okuhlanganisa nezingubo zokuhlinzwa, zinegalelo elikhulu ekungcoleni kwamagumbi okuhlinza.

Ithebula elilandelayo liqhathanisa umthelela wemvelo wezingubo zokuhlinzwa ezingasetshenziswa kabusha uma kuqhathaniswa nezilahlwayo:

Ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi izindwangu zokunakekelwa kwempilo ezingasetshenziswa kabusha (ama-HCT), okuhlanganisa nezingubo zokuhlinzwa, ziholela ekunciphiseni imiphumela yemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye ezisetshenziswa kabusha. Lezi zinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphansi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuncishisiwe, imfucuza encane eqinile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncishisiwe. Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 luphinde lwagqamisa ukuzinza kwezinhlelo ze-PPE ezisetshenziswa kabusha eziyindilinga phezu kwezintambo zokuphakelwa ezilahlwayo eziqondile. Naphezu kwalezi zinzuzo zemvelo, ama-HCT angasetshenziswa kabusha okwamanje amelela ingxenye encane yokuphakelwa kwe-PPE yase-US.

Ithonya lemvelo le-PPE esetshenziswa kabusha nelahlwayo lingancishiswa ngokukhiqiza kwendawo. Lokhu kunciphisa amabanga okuthumela. Ngenkathi izingubo ezisetshenziswa kabusha zisinda, umthelela wemvelo wokuthuthwa kwazo mncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Imfucuza Yesigaba A yokuthutha (izinto ezithelelanayo kakhulu) ibiza kakhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kunemfucuza yezokwelapha elawulwayo. Idinga ukupakishwa okwengeziwe kanye nemizila engaba yinkimbinkimbi. I-PPE elahlwayo ingangeza amakhilogremu angu-60-70 ezinto zokupakisha ngebhokisi ngalinye. Lokhu kwandisa izindleko zokuhamba kanye nemiphumela yezemvelo. Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ngendlela engalungile ezibhedlela kuholela ekutheni kufike ku-70% wemfucuza yezokwelapha elawulwayo ihlukaniswe kabi. Lokhu kuqhubeka nokuthwala izindleko zomnotho nezemvelo. Ukunciphisa izincomo ze-PPE ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kwesayensi ngengozi, njengoba kubonakala nge-MRSA kanye ne-VRE, nakho kungazuzisa imvelo.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila nakho kusiza izinketho ezingasetshenziswa kabusha:

| Isici | Izingubo Ezilahlwayo (Ngaphambi Kokuguqulwa) | Izingubo Ezisetshenziswa Kabusha (Ngemva Kokuguqulwa) | Ukonga/Ukunciphisa | | :———————————– | :—————————– | :————————– | :—————- | | Ivolumu Yodoti Ephelele (ama-lbs nge-APD) | 19 | 17.4 | 1.7 lbs (9%) | | Izindleko ze-EVS (amasenti nge-APD) | $2.06 | $1.88 | 18¢ (9%) | | Izindleko Zodoti Nokusebenza Eziphelele (nge-APD) | Akukho | Akukho | 30¢ | | Izindleko Zokusebenzisa Ingubo (kufaka phakathi ukuhlanza)| Akukho | 58¢ (ingubo engu-13¢ + ukuhlanza okungu-45¢) | Akukho | | Izindleko Zengubo Esetshenziswa Kanye | 60¢ | Akukho | Akukho | | Izindleko Eziphelele Ngengubo (ngemva kokulondoloza udoti) | Akukho | 28¢ | ukusindisa okungu-53% | | Ukulondolozwa Konyaka Kwezempilo kwe-UCLA | Akukho | $450,000 | Akukho | | Imfucuza Yezempilo ye-UCLA Iphambukisiwe | Akukho | Amathani angu-1,180 | Akukho | | Izindleko Ze-Carilion Clinic Ngokusebenzisa Ingubo | 79¢ | 39¢ | Ukonga okungu-50% | | Ukonga Kwe-Carilion Clinic (iminyaka emi-3) | Akukho | $850,000 | Akukho | | Imfucuza Ye-Carilion Clinic Isusiwe (iminyaka emi-3) | Akukho | Amakhilogremu angu-515,000 | Akukho | | Ukutholwa Kwezinto Zokuhlinzwa (ngenqubo ngayinye) | Akukho | $1.50 | Akukho | | Ukonga Kwezinto Zonyaka Ze-UNC Rex Healthcare | Akukho | $60,000 | Akukho | | Ukonga Izindleko Zezimbozo Zegumbi Lokuhlanza | Akukho | 58% | Akukho |

Lezi zibalo zibonisa ukuthi ukuguqukela ezimpahleni ezingasetshenziswa kabusha kungaholela ekongeni okukhulu kwezezimali kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza yezinhlelo zezempilo.

Ukukhetha okunolwazi kwendwangu yezingubo zesibhedlela kusalokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekunakekelweni nasekuphepheni kweziguli okuhle kakhulu. Intuthuko eqhubekayo, njengobuchwepheshe be-AGXX, ithuthukisa kakhulu ukulawulwa kokutheleleka ngokubulala ngempumelelo amagciwane namagciwane. Izinto ezintsha zesikhathi esizayo zigxila ezintweni ezihlala isikhathi eside njenge-Polylactic Acid (PLA), enciphisa umthelela wemvelo. Lezi zinguquko zithembisa izindwangu zezokwelapha eziphephile nezinobungani nemvelo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Uyini umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezindwangu zengubo yasesibhedlela ezilukiwe nezingezona ezilukiwe?

Izindwangu ezilukiwe zibopha imicu, zinikeza ukuqina kwezigqoko ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Izindwangu ezingalukiwe zibopha imicu ndawonye, ​​zinikeza izinketho ezilula nezingasetshenziswa kalula ngezakhiwo eziphumelelayo zokuvimbela.

Kungani izibhedlela zisebenzisa indwangu ye-SMS ukuze zithole izingubo eziningi?

Indwangu ye-SMS inikeza ukumelana noketshezi okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuvimbela amagciwane. Isakhiwo sayo esinezingqimba eziningi sivimba uketshezi kanye namagciwane, okunciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokungcola ngesikhathi sezinqubo zezokwelapha.

Ingabe izingubo zasesibhedlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha zinobungani nemvelo kunezo ezilahlwayo?

Yebo, izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izingubo ezisetshenziswa kabusha zinciphisa kakhulu umthelela emvelweni. Zisebenzisa amandla namanzi amancane, zikhiqiza ukukhishwa okuncane kwamagesi okushisa, futhi zikhiqiza imfucuza encane kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi sazo sokuphila. ♻️