Amahitamo y'imyenda yo kwambara mu bitaro arasobanurwa

Guhitamo imyenda bigira uruhare runini mu kurinda umutekano w'abarwayi n'abakozi bo mu bitaro. Imiterere yihariye y'imyenda yo mu bitaro igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kurwanya ubwandu no ku ruhushya rw'abarwayi mu buvuzi. Guhitamo imyenda idakwiye bishobora kongera ibyago byo gukomereka ku muvuduko no kubuza umurwayi kugenda. Abarwayi bakunze kubura ubushobozi bwo kugenzura imiterere y'imyenda, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku ihumure n'icyubahiro cye bwite.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyenda itandukanye y’ibitambaro byo mu bitaro itanga uburinzi n’ihumure bitandukanye. Imyenda idafunze nka SMS itanga imbogamizi zikomeye ku mikorobe, mu gihe imyenda ifunze nka ipamba itanga ihumure.
• Amakanzu yo kwa muganga arapimwa uburyo ahagarika amazi n'udukoko. Urwego rwa AAMI (1-4) rugaragaza uburyo ikanzu itanga uburinzi, aho urwego rwa 4 ari rwo rwo hejuru.
• Amakanzu yo kwa muganga ashobora kongera gukoreshwa ni meza ku bidukikije kandi ashobora kuzigama amafaranga. Agabanya imyanda kandi agakoresha ingufu nke n'amazi make ugereranije n'amakanzu yo kwa muganga akoreshwa mu gihe cyo kuyakoresha.

Gusobanukirwa Ibyiciro by'imyenda y'amakanzu yo mu bitaro

Imyenda idakozwe mu budodo ku myenda yo mu bitaro

Imyenda idafunze ni amahitamo asanzwe kuriamakanzu yo kwa muganga. Abakora ibi bikoresho bahuza imigozi aho kuyiboha. Uburyo bumwe bw'ingenzi ni uguhuza imigozi. Ubu buryo bukoresha ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko kugira ngo hakorwe umwenda ukomeye kandi woroshye. Ubundi buryo bw'ingenzi ni uguhuza imigozi. Aha, ibikoresho bishongeshejwe bisohoka ku mwenda, hanyuma bigakonja kandi bigakomera. Uru rwego rutanga uruzitiro rwiza rwo kwirinda ibinyobwa na bagiteri. Guhuza uburyo bwo guhuza imigozi na migozi bivamo umwenda woroshye, woroshye guhumeka, kandi udashobora kwangirika. Uku guhuza imigozi birinda ikwirakwira ry'ubwandu neza.

Imyenda iboshye yo kudoda imyenda yo mu bitaro

Imyenda iboshye itanga ubundi buryo bwo kwambara imyenda yo mu bitaro, cyane cyane iyo ishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Imiterere isanzwe ya fibre irimo polyester monofilament 100%. Imwe mu myenda iboshye irimo polyester 99% hamwe n'umurongo wa fibre karuboni 1%. Iyi fibre karuboni ifasha mu gushonga no kudashira kw'amazi. Mu mateka, ipamba n'ipamba byari ibisanzwe ku myenda ikoreshwa. Ariko, imiterere yabyo ifite imyenge ituma udukoko twinshi dutambuka. Imyenda iboshye ifite fibre iboshye cyane kandi nto cyane. Abakora iyi myenda bongera kuyitunganya bakoresheje umuti urinda amazi kugira ngo bongere ubwiza bwayo.

Ibikoresho by'imyenda yo mu bitaro

Birumvikanauburyo bwo kwivuza, ibikoresho bifite uruziga rumwe bishobora kudatanga imiterere ihagije y’uruzitiro. Muri ibi bihe, ibikoresho bifite imiterere itandukanye bitanga uburinzi buhagije. Abakora ibikoresho bivanze bashyiraho imiterere itandukanye, irangi, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bikomeza. Uku gushyiramo imiterere itandukanye kunoza imiterere y’ibicuruzwa nko kwinjiza, kudacika intege, no gukomera. Uruvange rw’ibikoresho bisanzwe rugizwe n’imigozi y’ibiti na polypropylene (PP). Urugero, uruvange rw’imigozi y’ibiti ya 70% hamwe n’imigozi ya PP ya 30% birema umwenda w’urukiramende rw’urwego rumwe. Imigozi y’ibiti ifata amazi vuba, mu gihe imigozi ya PP itanga imiterere irambye. Iyi migabane yemerera umwuka gutembera neza mugihe ibuza bagiteri n’amazi. Imyenda ifite imiterere itandukanye ishobora kandi kuba irimo imiti irwanya bagiteri, nk’imigozi ya silver-modified ion, ihujwe mu gihe cyo gusohora fibre.

Imiterere y'ubwoko bw'imyenda isanzwe y'amakanzu yo mu bitaro

Gusobanukirwa imiterere yihariye y'ubwoko butandukanye bw'imyenda y'ibitaro bifasha ibigo nderabuzima gufata ibyemezo bisobanutse neza. Buri gikoresho gitanga inyungu zidasanzwe ku buryo butandukanye bwo kwa muganga no ku rwego rwo kwirinda.

Imyenda ya Polypropylene Spunbond

Imyenda ya polypropylene spunbond ni amahitamo akunzwe cyane ku myenda yo mu bitaro ikoreshwa mu gihe runaka. Abakora iyi myenda bayikora bakoresheje polypropylene ishongeshejwe hanyuma bakayizungurutsa mu migozi myiza. Hanyuma bahuza iyi myenda bakoresheje ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko. Iyi nzira ituma habaho umwenda woroshye, uhumeka neza, kandi uhendutse. Utanga urwego rw'ibanze rwo kwirinda amazi n'udukoko. Abakora mu buvuzi bakunze gukoresha imyenda ya polypropylene spunbond mu buryo bwo kuvura abarwayi mu buryo budatera ibyago byinshi cyangwa mu kwita ku barwayi muri rusange aho kurinda imigozi cyane atari cyo kintu cy'ingenzi.

Umwambaro wa Spunbond Meltblown Spunbond (SMS)

Umutambaro wa SMS ugaragaza iterambere rikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga ritari iry’ubudodo ku myenda yo mu bitaro. Ugizwe n’ibice bitatu: ibice bibiri byo hanze bya spunbond (S) n’ibice by’imbere bya meltblown (M). Ibice bya spunbond bitanga imbaraga n’uburambe, mu gihe ibice bya meltblown bikora nk’imbogamizi ikomeye. Uru rubaraza rufunga neza ibinyobwa n’uduce duto cyane.

SMS nonwovens zigaragaza imikorere myiza mu gukumira ikwirakwizwa ryaS. aureusnaE. colimu bisubizo bya saline ugereranije n'imyenda iboshye. Amakanzu akozwe muri polypropylene, harimo na SMS laminates, atanga uburinzi bukomeye ku mikorobe zinjira mu bikoresho bitandukanye byageragejwe. Urupapuro rwa meltblown mu mwenda wa SMS rutanga uruzitiro rudapfa kwandura indwara kandi rugera kuri 95% ku bushobozi bwo kuyungurura virusi (VFE) kuri virusi ntoya nka mikoroni 0.1.

Umutambaro wa SMS utanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amazi neza. Tekereza ku kugereranya gutya kw'umuvuduko wa hydrostatic, bipima ubushobozi bw'umwenda bwo kwirinda kwinjira mu mazi:

Aya makuru agaragaza ko umwenda wa SMS urusha cyane spunbond polypropylene mu kurwanya amazi, cyane cyane iyo ufite uburemere bwinshi. SMS kandi irahebuje mu kuyungurura bagiteri (BFE):

Amakanzu yo kohereza ubutumwa bugufi agabanya cyane ibyago byo kwandura no kwandura bagiteri. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko amakanzu yo kohereza ubutumwa bugufi yagabanyije ibyago byo kwandura ku kigero cya 68% ugereranije n'amakanzu asanzwe ya PP. Yanagabanyije igipimo cy'ubwandu bwa bagiteri ku kigero cya 67% ugereranije n'imyenda iboshye. Ibi bitumaOhereza ubutumwa bugufi ibikoresho byiza byo kwambara mu kanzu zo kubagan'izindi porogaramu zifite imbogamizi zikomeye.

Imyenda ya polyethylene

Imyenda ya polyethylene (PE) izwiho kudapfa kwinjira mu mwenda. Abakora iyi myenda bakunze kuyikoresha mu gushyiramo imyenda aho irinda amazi yose. Imyenda ya polyethylene yitwa Chlorine (CPE), isanzwe, itanga uburinzi bukomeye.

• Imiterere ya CPE itanga imbaraga n'ubushobozi bwo koroshya ibintu. Ibi bituma ikoreshwa mu myenda yo kwirinda ikoreshwa mu gihe cy'ubukonje n'izuba.
• Amakanzu ya CPE ntaziba amazi. Sima yihariye ya polymer na kole ikora neza ikora urwego rukomeye ruziba amazi.
• Zigaragaza ubudasaza, zigakoreshwa mu bihe bikomeye by'ikirere n'ahantu habi. Zifite kandi ubudasa buhagije bwa ozone, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu gihe cy'icyorezo.
• Abaganga bambara amakanzu yo kwishyira mu kato ya CPE mu gihe cyo kubaga kugira ngo bakomeze kugira ikibazo cyo kutagira amazi mu mubiri no kurinda umutekano w’umurwayi.
• Amakanzu ya CPE afasha mu gukumira ikwirakwira rya bagiteri na virusi mu bitaro no mu bigo byita ku baforomo, bityo bigatuma habaho isuku.

Urugero, imyenda ya Ritmed® AssureWear® Polyethylene Isolation Cowns ifite imiterere yo hejuru y'umutwe ifite udupira tw'igikumwe. Iyi myenda ikozwe muri polyethylene ya spunbond kandi ifite imigozi idoze kugira ngo ikomere cyane. Nta latex ikoreshwa kandi ishyirwa mu byiciro nk'iy'imyenda yo kwitandukanya. Imiterere yayo idapfa kwivanga igaragaza ko ikora neza.

Imyenda y'ibitaro ivanze n'ipamba n'imyenda y'ipamba

Imyenda ivanze n'ipamba ni amahitamo gakondo ku myenda yo kwa muganga ishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Itanga ihumure rikomeye kandi ifasha abarwayi guhumeka neza.

Yakozwe mu bikoresho byoroshye kandi bihumeka nk'ipamba cyangwa ipamba, amakanzu yacu y'abarwayi ashyira imbere ihumure ry'umurwayi mu gihe areba neza uburyo atwikiriwe.

Nubwo ipamba iryoshye, imiterere yayo ifite imyenge bivuze ko idatanga ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amazi menshi. Ibi bigabanya ikoreshwa ryayo mu bidukikije bisaba uburinzi bukomeye. Imvange z'ipamba, akenshi zirimo polyester, zigamije kunoza uburambe no kugabanya guhindagurika kw'ipamba mu gihe zigumana uburyohe bwazo. Kugira ngo izi myenda ikomeze kuba nziza bisaba uburyo bwihariye bwo kuyimesa. Imyambaro yanduye ikorerwa isuku yuzuye. Ibi bishobora kuba birimo kumesa, kuyikuraho no kuyisukura. Intambwe zihariye ziterwa n'ubwoko bw'ipamba n'urwego rw'umwanda yahuye nawo. Imyambaro ishobora kongera gukoreshwa, nk'imyambaro y'umuhondo ipima uburemere buringaniye, ikozwe mu mwenda uramba kandi uhumeka wa polyester-cotton wa 55/45. Iyi myenda yagenewe kwihanganira gukoreshwa kenshi no kumesa idahungabanyije imiterere yayo yo kuyirinda. Ibi bituma ikwiriye ahantu hakorerwa ubuvuzi busaba imbaraga.

Imyenda y'ibitaro ivanze na polyester

Imyenda ivanze na polyester ikunze gukoreshwa mu myenda yo kwa muganga ishobora kongera gukoreshwa bitewe nuko iramba, ikomeye, kandi idapfa gucika intege cyangwa gushwanyagurika. Polyester itanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imiti kandi ntifata amazi, bigatuma iba imbogamizi nziza ku bintu bimwe na bimwe bihumanya kurusha ipamba.

Urugero, amakoti yo muri laboratwari ya polyester araramba kandi aramba. Amakoti yo muri laboratwari ya polyester, ariko, ntarwanya cyane amazi n'imiti. Amakoti ya polyester akunze guhuza polyester n'ipamba kugira ngo ahuze ihumure n'ubudahangarwa bworoshye kandi arwanya amazi. Iyi myenda ishobora kwihanganira ibihe byinshi byo kumesa mu gihe ikomeza kugira uburinzi bwayo.

Umuyobozi w’ikigo gishinzwe kwandura indwara ya dialysis yavuze ko imyenda yangiritse munsi ya 90% by’imbaraga zayo zo gukurura nyuma yo gukaraba inshuro 20 yafashwe nk’aho idakwiye. Ibi byatumye habaho guhindura polyester ivanze, yagumanye imbaraga 95% nyuma yo gukaraba inshuro 60. Ibi bigaragaza ko polyester n’imvange zayo biramba kandi ko bihendutse mu myenda yo kwa muganga ishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Ibipimo by'ingenzi ku mikorere y'imyenda y'ibitaro

Ibigo by'ubuvuzi bisuzuma byitonze ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere mu gihe cyo guhitamoumwenda w'amakanzu yo mu bitaroIbi bipimo byemeza umutekano w'abarwayi, uburinzi bw'abakozi bo mu rwego rw'ubuzima, n'imikorere myiza.

Ubudahangarwa bw'amazi n'uburinzi bw'imbogamizi

Ubudahangarwa bw'amazi ni ikibazo cy'ingenzi ku myenda yo mu bitaro. Birinda kwinjira mu maraso, amazi yo mu mubiri, n'ibindi bintu by'amazi. Ishyirahamwe ryita ku iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi (AAMI) ryashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro (Urwego rwa 1-4) kugira ngo bapime ubushobozi bw'amazi yo mu myenda ikoreshwa mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi.

• Amakanzu yo ku rwego rwa mbere atanga uburinzi buke ku mazi adakwirakwira. Abakora amakanzu bagerageza aya makanzu kugira ngo barebe niba aterwa n'amazi gusa, bakoresheje uburyo nka AATCC 42.
• Amakanzu yo ku rwego rwa 2 atanga uburinzi bworoheje kugeza ku buringaniye ku mazi yinjira. Akorerwa isuzuma ryaba iry’amazi (urugero: AATCC 42) n’iry’umuvuduko w’amazi (urugero: AATCC 127).
• Amakanzu yo kubaga, akenshi ku rwego rwa 3 n'urwego rwa 4, bakoresha inyito za AAMI. Zigaragaza uburinzi bukomeye bw'inzitizi mu bice by'ingenzi mu bikorwa by'ingenzi.

Ingano ya AAMI ku mwenda w’amakanzu yo mu bitaro ipimwa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima. ASTM F1670 na ASTM F1671 ni byo bikomeye cyane. Ibi bizamini bikubiyemo imiti igabanya amazi n’udukoko twanduza amaraso. Amakanzu anyura muri ASTM F1671 ni yo yonyine ashyirwa mu cyiciro cya 4. Ibi bigaragaza ko virusi idakwirakwira mu kwinjira. Ingano yo hasi (1, 2, na 3) ipimwa mu mazi. Igaragaza ko irwanya amazi cyane kandi afite umuvuduko mwinshi w’ubuso. Abakora kandi bavuga ko imikorere yayo ingana na AATCC 42 na AATCC 127. Amabwiriza y’i Burayi akoresha ISO mu isuzuma ry’imikorere y’imbogamizi nk’izo.

Ibisabwa n'amategeko biratandukanye ku myenda yo kubaga n'iy'abantu bonyine.

• Amakanzu yo kubaga:
  • Agace k'ingenzi kagizwe nibura n'igice cy'imbere (agace A) n'amaboko yo hasi (agace B).
  • Gushyira mu byiciro bishingiye ku gice cy’imikorere yo hasi y’ibi bice byombi.
  • Igice cyose cy'imbere cy'ikanzu (uduce A, B, na C) kigomba kuba gifite nibura uburebure bw'igipimo cya 1.
  • Igice cy'inyuma cy'ikanzu (agace ka D) gishobora kuba kidakingira.
• Amakanzu yo kwishyira mu kato:
  • Umwambaro wose ufatwa nk'ahantu hakomeye. Ibi biterwa no gukora ku maraso, amazi yo mu mubiri, n'ibindi bintu bishobora kwanduzanya (OPIM).
  • Ikanzu yose yo kwishyira ukwayo, harimo n'imigozi (usibye imishumi, imigongo, n'imitako), igomba kugera ku musaruro ukwiye.
  • Amakanzu yo kwishyira mu kato afunguye ntahuye n'ibipimo by'ingenzi by'aho umuntu aherereye. Ntabwo ashobora guhabwa amanota.

FDA ifata imyenda yo kubaga nk'ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya kabiri. Isaba kumenyeshwa mbere y'isoko (itangwa ry'amakanzu 510k). Imyenda yo kubaga igomba kwandikwaho AAMI Level 3 cyangwa 4 niba yagurishijwe nk' 'kubaga' muri Amerika. Ntishobora kuvuga ko ari AAMI Level 1 cyangwa 2 niba yagurishijwe nk' 'kubaga'. Imyenda yo kwishyira ukwayo ishobora guhabwa amanota yo ku rwego rwa 1-4 rwa AAMI cyangwa ntihabwe amanota. Imyenda yo kwishyira ukwayo yo ku rwego rwa 1 na 2 ni ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya mbere. Ntibisaba kumenyeshwa mbere y'isoko. Imyenda yo kwishyira ukwayo yo ku rwego rwa 3 na 4 ni ibikoresho bishobora guteza ibyago byinshi. Bisaba kumenyeshwa mbere y'isoko. Ubwoko bw'imyenda yombi buri munsi ya 21 CFR 878.4040. FDA ifata imyenda ifite uburinzi buri hagati kugeza ku burebure (Level 3 na 4) nk'ibikoresho bishobora gutera ibyago byinshi.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igaragaza muri make urugero rwa AAMI n'uburyo bwo kubipima bujyanye narwo hamwe n'ubushobozi bw'imbogamizi:

Ingufu z'imikorobe

Ingufu z'imikorobe zipima ubushobozi bw'umwenda bwo gukumira bagiteri na virusi. Ibi ni ingenzi mu kurwanya ubwandu. Ku bikoresho byagenewe gukumira uduce duto two mu kirere n'ibintu byanduza ibinyabuzima, imikorere myiza yo kuyungurura ni cyo cyiciro cy'ingenzi cyo gupima. Uyu muryango w'ibizamini utanga amakuru ahagije ku bushobozi bw'ibikoresho bwo gukora nk'uruzitiro rufatika ku mikorobe n'imiyoboro y'umwuka.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igaragaza uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima imikorere y’urusobe rw’imikorobe:

Ikizamini cyo kuyungurura neza virusi (VFE) ni ingenzi cyane. Virusi ni nto cyane ugereranyije na bagiteri. Ibi bituma ziba imbogamizi ikomeye ku bikoresho biyungurura neza. Ingano ya VFE iri hejuru ntishobora kuganirwaho ku gicuruzwa icyo ari cyo cyose kigira uburinzi ku ndwara za virusi ziterwa n'ikirere. Laboratwari zigomba kandi kwemeza ko umwuka w'ibikoresho (upimwe binyuze kuri ΔP) uguma uri hasi bihagije kugira ngo umukoresha agire umutekano. Ibi bitanga uburinganire bukomeye hagati yo guhumeka no kurinda.

Ku bijyanye no kuyungurura bagiteri, imyenda igomba kugera ku rugero rwo hasi rwa 98% ku kigero cya ASTM F2101. Ku bijyanye no kuyungurura bagiteri, imyenda igomba kugaragaza ko igabanya nibura imikorere ya mikorobe inshuro 3. Ibi bivuze ko yica 99.9% by'udukoko twibasiwe. ISO 20743 irabisuzuma.

Guhumeka no Guhumura

Ubushobozi bwo guhumeka mu myenda, harimo n'iyakoreshejwe mu myenda yo mu bitaro, bupimirwa n'igipimo cy'umwuka unyura mu myenda. Ibi bigaragaza uburyo umwuka unyura mu buryo bworoshye. Iki gipimo ni ingenzi ku bikorwa byihariye. Amanota menshi agaragaza ko imyenda ihumeka neza. Amanota make agaragaza ko umwuka uhumeka gake. Hari ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku buryo umwuka unyura mu myenda. Ibi birimo ubugari bwa fibre (imigozi mito muri rusange yongera ubushobozi bwo guhumeka), ubwoko bw'ubudodo (ubudodo bukomeye bugabanya uburyo umwuka unyuramo, mu gihe ubudodo buto buyinongera), n'irangira ry'imyenda (imwe irangiza ibuza umwuka kwinjira, mu gihe indi yongera ubushobozi bwo guhumeka). Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima uburyo umwuka unyuramo burimo ASTM D737 na ISO 9237. Ibi bikubiyemo ibikoresho byihariye byo gupima umuvuduko w'umwuka unyura mu myenda. Ibisubizo bigaragaza igipimo cy'ubushobozi bwo guhumeka. Ibi biyobora guhitamo ibikoresho kugira ngo bikore neza.

Ku myenda rusange, umwuka uhumeka ubusanzwe uri hagati ya litiro 100 na 300/m². Imyenda ifite umwuka muke, akenshi iri munsi ya litiro 100/m²/s, ntihumeka cyane. Abakora bayikoresha mu myenda irinda aho umwuka utembera neza. Umwuka mwinshi uhumeka cyane, urenga litiro 300/m²/s, bigaragaza imyenda ihumeka cyane. Iyi myenda ikwiriye imyenda ya siporo n'imyenda ikora. Imyenda yo kwa muganga, nk'iyo mu myenda yo kwa muganga, ifite ibisabwa byihariye kugira ngo 'ihumeka neza'. Ibi bipima uburinzi n'umwuka uhumeka neza. Bituma habaho ihererekanya ry'umwuka rikwiye kugira ngo umurwayi agire ihumure kandi agire umutekano.

Ubusanzwe, imyenda yo kubaga ishobora kongera gukoreshwa yakorwaga mu ipamba. Iyi yari imyenda iboshye kandi ihumeka neza kandi ifite umwuka mwinshi. Ariko, ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwinjira mu mazi buke bwatumye igabanuka. Imyenda igezweho ikunze gukoresha polyester cyangwa polyester-cotton. Nubwo imvange za polyester-cotton zatangaga ihumure ryiza mu bushyuhe, zahuraga n'imbogamizi zo kwirinda kwinjira mu mazi. Imyenda ya polyester iboshye cyane itanga uburinzi bwinshi. Ariko, ishobora gutera ububabare bitewe no kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe. Imyenda idaboshye, ikunze gukoreshwa mu myenda ikoreshwa rimwe, irimo spunlace, spunbond–meltblown–spunbond (SMS), n'ibikoresho byashyizwe mu mazi. Imwe mu myenda idaboshye yafashwe nk'ikonje bitewe n'uburemere bwayo bworoshye. Ariko, imyenda isanzwe idaboshye yagowe kubera ko ifite umwuka muke kandi ikwirakwira mu mwuka w'ubushuhe. Ibi bigira ingaruka ku rugero rwo kumererwa neza.

Imiterere myinshi y'imyenda igira uruhare runini mu gutuma umurwayi amererwa neza mu bushyuhe no mu gucunga ubushuhe:

• Ubushobozi bwiza bwo guhumeka, kuma vuba, no kudashyuha cyane no guhumeka bifasha mu gutuma ihumure ryiyongera. Urugero, umwenda wa polyester 8 wo kwambara siporo ni nk'umwenda.
• Ubudahangarwa bwinshi bw'ubushyuhe n'umwuka ushyushye ndetse no kumisha igihe kirekire bituma umuntu adatuza cyane. Urugero, umwenda wa 4 ni wo.
• Imiterere myiza yo gucunga ubushuhe, kudashyuha cyane no kudahumeka, hamwe n'igihe gito cyo kuma bigaragaza imyenda yoroshye. Urugero, umwenda wa 10 ni urugero.
• Ubudahangarwa bwinshi bw'ubushyuhe n'umwuka, ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjira mu mwuka, no kumisha igihe kirekire bifitanye isano n'imyenda idakunda kumera neza. Imyenda irinda ubushyuhe 18, 5, 4, 10, 2, 9, na 17 ni ingero.

Ubunini n'ubugari bw'imyenda bigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe n'umwuka w'amazi. Kubigabanya bigabanya ubudahangarwa bw'umwuka. Ibi ni ingirakamaro mu bihe by'ubushyuhe. Imiterere yo kohereza ubushuhe bw'amazi ni ingenzi mu bihe by'ubushyuhe hamwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi w'ibyuya. Imyenda ikurura vuba kandi ikajyana ubushuhe kure y'uruhu yongera ihumure. Imyenda yo kuboha igabanya cyane ihumure. Ubwinshi bw'ubushuhe mu myenda y'uruhu bigabanya ihumure ryiyumvirwa. Hari isano ikomeye hagati yo kubona ubushuhe bwinshi no kugabanuka kw'ubushyuhe. Mu bihe by'ubushyuhe, ubushuhe bw'uruhu bufitanye isano rikomeye n'ubushyuhe bwiyumvirwa kuruta ubushyuhe bw'uruhu.

Hari isano ikomeye hagati y'igihe cyo kuma, ubudahangarwa bw'umwuka (Ret), n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe (Rct). Ibi bigaragaza ko imyenda ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubudahangarwa bw'amazi bifata igihe kirekire kugira ngo yume. Igihe cyo kuma gifitanye isano mbi n'umuvuduko wo gukwirakwira kw'ubushuhe (MWR).B) n'umurambararo w'ubushuhe ku ruhande rwo hanze (SSB). Ibi bivuze ko gukwirakwira kw'ubushuhe vuba kandi uburebure bw'ubushuhe bwinshi butuma humuka vuba. Uburyo bwo guhumeka neza mu bushyuhe (TCP) burimo ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imyenda. Ibi birimo uburemere, umuvuduko wo gukwirakwira kw'ubushuhe, no kudahumeka kw'amazi. Imyenda 8 (86% PES + 14% EL) yagaragaye ko ari yo irushaho kuryoha. Ibi byatewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwiza bwo kugabanya ubushuhe. Igerageza rya Wear ryabyemeje, aho abarenga 80% by'abitabiriye basanze irushaho kuryoha.

Kuramba no kongera gukoreshwa

Kuramba ni ikintu cy'ingenzi ku myenda yo kwa muganga ishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Bigena inshuro ikanzu ishobora kwihanganira kumeswa no gucibwa burundu mu gihe ikomeza kugira ubushobozi bwo kuyirinda.

Igihe cyo kumara cy’ikanzu ishobora kongera gukoreshwa ni nko kumesa inshuro 64. Izi kanzu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa ubusanzwe zikorwa mu mwenda wa polyester uboshye.

Uku kuramba gutuma imyenda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa iba amahitamo arambye. Ariko, ibigo bigomba gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikomeye zo kugenzura ubuziranenge. Ibi bituma imyenda igumana ubuziranenge bwayo nyuma ya buri gukaraba. Ni ngombwa kugenzura buri gihe niba hari ibyacitse, imyobo, cyangwa imigozi yangiritse.

Ingaruka ku ikiguzi n'ibidukikije

Ibigo nderabuzima birushaho gutekereza ku ngaruka ku ikiguzi ndetse no ku bidukikije mu gihe cyo guhitamo imyenda yo kwa muganga.

Isuzuma ry’ubuzima ryakozwe rigereranya imyenda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa n’ikoreshwa rimwe mu gihe cyo kuvurwa ryagaragaje inyungu zikomeye ku bidukikije ku myenda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa:

• Kugabanuka kwa 28% mu ikoreshwa ry'ingufu
• Kugabanuka kwa 30% by'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere
• Kugabanuka kwa 41% mu gukoresha amazi y'ubururu
• Kugabanuka kwa 93% mu gukora imyanda ikomeye

Urwego rw'ubuvuzi muri Amerika rugira uruhare runini mu ibyuka bihumanya ikirere n'imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Serivisi yo mu gihe cyo kubaga yonyine ikora 70% by'imyanda ikomeye mu bitaro byo muri Amerika. Ibi bingana na miliyari 2.8 z'amapawundi buri mwaka. Ubusanzwe ibikorwa bitanga zigera kuri ibiro 150 by'imyanda kuri buri kato. Kubaga amagufwa n'umutima bitanga zigera kuri ibiro 200. Umusaruro w'imyanda mu bitaro byo muri Amerika wiyongereyeho 15% buri mwaka kuva mu 1992. Ibi ahanini biterwa no kwiyongera kw'ibikoresho byo gukoresha mu gihe cyo kubaga. Imyenda ikoreshwa mu gihe cyo kubaga, harimo n'imyenda yo kubaga, ni ingenzi mu gutera imyanda mu cyumba cyo kubaga.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igereranya ingaruka ku bidukikije z'imyenda yo kubaga ishobora kongera gukoreshwa ugereranyije n'iy'imyenda yo kubaga ikoreshwa rimwe:

Ubushakashatsi buhora bwerekana ko imyenda yo mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi ishobora kongera gukoreshwa (HCTs), harimo n'imyenda yo kubaga, ituma ingaruka ku bidukikije zigabanuka ugereranije n'izindi zikoreshwa mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi. Izi nyungu zirimo kugabanuka k'imyuka ihumanya ikirere, kugabanuka k'ikoreshwa ry'amazi, imyanda ikomeye, no kugabanuka k'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu. Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyagaragaje kandi ko sisitemu za PPE zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo kuyakoresha zihagaze neza. Nubwo hari inyungu ku bidukikije, HCT zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo kuyakoresha zihagaze neza, ubu zigaragaza igice gito cy'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo gukoresha amazi mu gihe cyo kuyakoresha ...

Ingaruka ku bidukikije z’imyanda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa n’ikoreshwa rimwe ishobora kugabanuka binyuze mu nganda zikorerwa mu gace runaka. Ibi bigabanya intera yo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Nubwo imyenda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa iremereye, ingaruka ku bidukikije zo gutwara ni nto ugereranije n’uburyo ikorwa. Imyanda yo mu cyiciro cya A (ibikoresho byandura cyane) irahenze cyane kandi iragoye kurusha imyanda y’ubuvuzi igenzurwa. Ikenera gupakira byinshi n’inzira zishobora kugorana. Imyanda ishobora gushyirwamo ishobora kongera ibiro 60–70 by’ibikoresho byo gupakira kuri buri gasanduku. Ibi byongera ikiguzi cyo gutwara n’ingaruka ku bidukikije. Gutunganya nabi ibintu mu bitaro bituma 70% by’imyanda y’ubuvuzi igenzurwa ishyirwa mu byiciro bitari byo. Ibi birushaho kuremerera ikiguzi cy’ubukungu n’ibidukikije. Kugabanya inama za PPE hashingiwe ku gusobanukirwa kwa siyansi ku ngaruka, nk’uko bigaragara kuri MRSA na VRE, nabyo bishobora kugirira akamaro ibidukikije.

Kugereranya ikiguzi cy'ubuzima bw'umuntu nabyo bifasha amahitamo ashobora kongera gukoreshwa:

| Ikintu | Amakanzu Akoreshwa mu Guhindura (Mbere yo Guhindura) | Amakanzu Ashobora Gusubiramo (Nyuma yo Guhindura) | Kuzigama/Kugabanya | | :——————————– | :—————————– | :————————– | :————- | | Igiteranyo cy'imyanda (ibiro kuri APD) | 19 | 17.4 | Ibiro 1.7 (9%) | | Amafaranga ya EVS (amasenti kuri APD) | $2.06 | $1.88 | 18¢ (9%) | | Amafaranga yose yazigamwe n'abakozi (kuri APD) | Ntacyo | Ntacyo | 30¢ | | Igiciro kuri buri kanzu ikoreshwa (harimo no kumesa) | Ntacyo | 58¢ (ikanzu 13¢ + 45¢ yo kumesa) | Ntacyo | | Igiciro cya kanzu ikoreshwa rimwe | 60¢ | Ntacyo | Ntacyo | | Igiciro rusange kuri buri kanzu (nyuma yo kuzigama imyanda) | Ntacyo | 28¢ | Amafaranga yazigamwe 53% | | Amafaranga yazigamwe ku mwaka wa UCLA Health | Ntacyo | $450.000 | Ntacyo | | Imyanda y'ubuzima ya UCLA yahinduriwe inzira | Ntacyo | Toni 1.180 | Ntacyo | | Igiciro cya Carilion Clinic kuri buri kanzu ikoreshwa | 79¢ | 39¢ | Kuzigama 50% | | Kuzigama kwa Carilion Clinic (imyaka 3) | Ntacyo | $850.000 | Ntacyo | | Imyanda ya Carilion Clinic yakuweho (imyaka 3) | Ntacyo | Ibiro 515.000 | Ntacyo | | Kugarura ibikoresho byo kubaga (kuri buri gikorwa) | Ntacyo | $1.50 | Ntacyo | | Kuzigama ibikoresho by'umwaka bya UNC Rex Healthcare | Ntacyo | $60.000 | Ntacyo | | Kuzigama amafaranga yo gutwikira isuku | Ntacyo | 58% | Ntacyo |

Iyi mibare igaragaza ko guhindura imyenda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa bishobora gutuma habaho kuzigama amafaranga menshi no kugabanya imyanda ku nzego z'ubuvuzi.

Guhitamo imyenda y’ibitaro neza biracyari ingenzi cyane mu kwita ku barwayi no kubarinda. Iterambere rikomeje, nk'ikoranabuhanga rya AGXX, rirushaho kunoza uburyo bwo kurwanya ubwandu binyuze mu kwica bagiteri na virusi neza. Udushya mu gihe kizaza twibanda ku bikoresho birambye nka aside polylactic (PLA), bigabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije. Iri terambere risezeranya imyenda y’ubuvuzi itekanye kandi irengera ibidukikije.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni irihe tandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati y'imyenda iboshye n'iy'imyambaro idaboshye yo mu bitaro?

Imyenda iboshye ihuza imigozi, bigatuma imyenda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa iramba. Imyenda idaboshye ihuza imigozi, igatanga amahitamo yoroshye kandi ashobora gukoreshwa rimwe kandi afite ubushobozi bwo kuyirinda.

Kuki ibitaro bikoresha imyenda ya SMS ku makanzu menshi?

Umutambara wa SMS utanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amazi n'ubushobozi bwo gukumira mikorobe. Imiterere yawo ifite ibice byinshi ibuza amazi n'udukoko, bigabanya cyane ibyago byo kwandura mu gihe cyo kuvurwa.

Ese amakanzu yo mu bitaro ashobora kongera gukoreshwa ni meza ku bidukikije kurusha ayo mu mwanya wo kuyakoresha?

Yego, ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko imyenda ishobora kongera gukoreshwa igabanya cyane ingaruka ku bidukikije. Ikoresha ingufu nke n'amazi make, isohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere, kandi ikora imyanda mike cyane mu buzima bwayo. ♻️